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Environmental Geology > PEO 2 Lecture Cards > Flashcards

PEO 2 Lecture Cards Flashcards

1
Q

Which crystallized deeper in the Earth’s crust? Some granite with 4mm quartz crystals or some granite with 6mm quartz crystals?

A

Granite with 6mm quartz crystals.

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2
Q

Volcanic material that is expelled into the air and falls back to Earth is referred to as…

A

Tephra/Pyroclastics

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3
Q

Which of the minerals below crystallizes at the highest temperature? (Na-rich plagioclase feldspar, K feldspar, Ca-rich plagioclase feldspar)

A

Ca-rich plagioclase feldspar

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4
Q

Which volcanic (extrusive) igneous rock type listed below contains the least amount of SiO?

A

Komatiite

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5
Q

What kind of rocks are peridotite and granite?

A

Plutonic (intrusive) igneous rocks

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6
Q

Is plutonic intrusive or extrusive igneous rock?

A

Intrusive

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7
Q

Is volcanic intrusive or extrusive igneous rock?

A

Extrusive

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8
Q

Which volcanic rock type is the most abundant on Earth?

A

Basalt

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9
Q

What is the term used to describe basaltic lava that has a ropy or satiny appearance after it cools?

A

Pahoehoe

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10
Q

What is the correct term of a large conical volcanic mountain that is composed of pyroclastics and occasional basalt lavas?

A

Stratovolcanoes

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11
Q

What type of volcanic mountains are the largest?

A

Shields

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12
Q

Those largest volcanic mountains are composed of what volcanic igneous rock type?

A

Basalt

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13
Q

What type of volcanic event killed volcanologists Maurice and Katia Kraft?

A

Pyroclastic flow

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14
Q

What is a caldera?

A

It is where a volcano has erupted and then collapsed in on itself, sometimes fills with water.

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15
Q

Most volcanic ash consists of what material? (Be precise)

A

Tiny bits of volcanic glass

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16
Q

Which type of volcanic event is the most dangerous, and most likely to result in large loss of life?

A

Pyroclastic flow

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17
Q

What was, by far, the largest historically recorded volcanic eruption?

A

Tambora

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18
Q

Significant amounts of Earth’s heat are transferred via conduction at only 3 locations: (1) within the solid inner core, (2) within the lithosphere, and (3) at the boundary between the _____ and the base of the _____.

A

Outer core, mantle.

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19
Q

Periodotite and komatite are examples of what kind of rock?

A

Ultramafic

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20
Q

Gabbro and basalt are examples of what kind of rock?

A

Mafic

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21
Q

Diorite and andesite are examples of what kind of rock?

A

Intermediate

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22
Q

Granite and rhyolite are examples of what kind of rock?

A

Felsic

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23
Q

What is the first silicate mineral to crystallize in Bowen’s Reaction Series?

A

Olivine

24
Q

Three types of material are erupted through volcanoes, what kind flows onto the surface?

A

Lava

25
Q

Three types of material are erupted through volcanoes, what kind is ejected into the air?

A

Tephra

26
Q

Three types of material are erupted through volcanoes, what kind are gases?

A

Volatiles

27
Q

All Earthquakes that occur at great depth (100-700 km below Earth’s surface) occur at what type of geologic tectonic location?

A

Subduction Zones

28
Q

In what year did the “great” Charleston earthquake occur?

A

1886

29
Q

Which type of seismic waves travel at the fastest speeds?

A

P-waves

30
Q

What do we call the location of Earth’s surface directly above where the earthquake started?

A

The epicenter

31
Q

What is the term used to identify the location where the rupture that causes an earthquake started?

A

Focus

32
Q

Which country has had the two earthquakes that caused the greatest loss of human life?

A

China

33
Q

Through which of the rock types listed would seismic P-waves travel at the greatest velocity? (Rhyolite, diorite, andesite, gabbro, granite)

A

Gabbro

34
Q

The velocity of seismic waves is affected by the nature of the material through which they travel. They will speed up if they ender materials that are _____ or _____.

A

Denser; rigid

35
Q

Describe the geologic/tectonic locations where the great majority of large/major earthquakes (magnitude >5) occur? (Be specific)

A

At subduction zones

36
Q

Expulsion of what gas from a volcano killed >1700 people and their cattle in Cameroon in 1984?

A

CO2

37
Q

What type of seismic information provided the evidence that confirmed that there is a solid core within the liquid core of the Earth?

A

Nuclear test blasts

38
Q

In the open (deep) ocean how can one identify a tsunami? (Be specific)

A

Small waves at high speeds

39
Q

What happens to seismic vibrations if they pass through unconsolidated sediment, as compared to the same ones that pass through igneous rock?

A

The vibrations are amplified; the less rigid a material, the most amplified the vibrations become

40
Q

What does the occurance of, and size of, the S-wave shadow zone

A

It tells us the size and diameter of the liquid core and that it was a sphere.

41
Q

As a tsunami approaches a shoreline, what happens to its speed and height?

A

Speed decreases, and height increases

42
Q

Damage to tall buildings is mostly caused by which type of seismic waves? (Be specific)

A

Low frequency surface waves

43
Q

Data from at last _____ seismographs are necessary to accurately locate the site of an earthquake.

A

3

44
Q

Which type of seismic waves represent side to side motion (ground shaking) that results in stucco and brick detaching from buildings?

A

Love waves

45
Q

True or False - There is more total relief on the outer core/mantle boundary than there is on the Earth’s surface (top of Mt. Everest to bottom of the Mariana Trench, ~20 km)

A

True

46
Q

What is the Bouguer gravity anomaly likely to be 1500 km offshore of South Carolina, where the sea floor is ~4500 meters deep? (+250, +160, +70, 0, -50, -130, -250)

A

+250

47
Q

Recently, some companies have used airborne gravity surveys to looks for what?

A

Metallic ore (iron, gold, platinum, silver, etc.)

48
Q

Complete the formula for gravitational attraction between two objects. What should be where the ? is? F = G ((m1 x m2)/?)

A

d^2

49
Q

Explain precisely what the d^2 represents in the formula for gravitational attraction between two objects?

A

The distance between the center of mass between m1 and m2.

50
Q

Which important geologic principle stipulates that Earth’s curst behaves as if it floats on/in denser material beneath it?

A

Isostasy

51
Q

What major topographic features on Earth are not in isostatic equilibrium, and their Bouguer gravity anomalies do not match the expected values based on their elevation/depth?

A

Ocean trenches/Deep sea trenches

52
Q

What is the Curie Point?

A

The temperature at which cooling rocks lock in their magnetic location.

53
Q

An increase of one unit of moment magnitude represents how much increase in the amount of energy released by an earthquake?

A

31.6x

54
Q

(True or False) The north and south magnetic poles switch positions episodically?

A

True

55
Q

_____ is the difference, measured as an angle, between the direction to the geographic north pole (true north) and the magnetic pole.

A

Declination

Environmental Geology (9 decks)

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