Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOCHEM MIDTERMS > PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY AND NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE > Flashcards

PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY AND NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE Flashcards

1
Q

an alternative pathway to glycolysis for breaking down glucose

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway (Hexose Monophosphate Shunt)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

a reducing agent that is essential for many cellular processes, such as the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol, and the detoxification of reactive oxygen species.

A

NADPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of DNA and RNA.

A

ribose 5-phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In this phase, glucose 6-phosphate is converted to ribose 5- phosphate and NADPH. Carbon 1 of glucose 6-phosphate is released as CO2.

A

Oxidative phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In this phase, ribose 5-phosphate can be converted back to glucose 6-phosphate, or it can be used to synthesize other five-carbon sugars

A

Non-oxidative phase:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

is required for the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol.

A

NADPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

is a series of biochemical reactions that convert glucose 6-phosphate(G6P) to produce ribose 5-phosphate (R5P), NADPH, and other molecules.

A

PPP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

(irreversible; produces NADPH)

A

Oxidative phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

(reversible)

Converts ribulose 5-phosphate (Ru5P) into ribose 5-phosphate (R5P).

A

Non-oxidative phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

first step in the pentose phosphate pathway, and it produces NADPH

A

Dehydrogenation of glucose 6-phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of glucose 6-phosphate to 6- phosphogluconolactone.

A

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

is a competitive inhibitor of G6PD.

A

NADPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When the NADPH/NADP+ ratio is high, G6PD activity is ______

A

inhibited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When the NADPH/NADP+ ratio is low, G6PD activity is _______

A

increased.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

If insulin is increased, it upregulates the expression of G6PD ____ the amount of G6PD protein that is produced in the cell.

A

increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

second step in the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway, and it produces NADPH.

A

Formation of ribulose 5-phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

6-Phosphogluconolactone is hydrolyzed by

A

6-phosphogluconolactone hydrolase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Oxidation of 6-phosphogluconate to ribulose 5-phosphate is catalyzed by

A

6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

allow the cell to convert ribulose 5-phosphate (produced by the oxidative phase of the pathway) to either ribose 5-phosphate (needed for nucleotide synthesis) or to intermediates of glycolysis (fructose 6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate)

A

REVERSIBLE NON- OXIDATIVE REACTIONS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

If the cell needs more NADPH than ribose 5-phosphate:

A

the transketolase and transaldolase enzymes will convert ribulose 5-phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate, which can then be fed into glycolysis to produce NADPH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

If the cell needs more ribose 5-phosphate than NADPH:

A

then the transketolase and transaldolase enzymes will convert glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate to ribose 5-phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

is a coenzyme that is similar to NADH, but it has an additional phosphate group.

A

NADPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Some examples of reductive biosynthetic reactions that use NADPH include:

A

Fatty acid synthesis
Cholesterol synthesis
Nucleotide synthesis
Amino acid synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

is the process of building molecules by adding hydrogen atoms.

A

REDUCTIVE BIOSYNTHESIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage cells.

A

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

26
Q

NADPH is used by the enzyme ______ to reduce H2O2 to water.

A

glutathione peroxidase

27
Q

is found in all cells in the body, and it is especially important in cells that are exposed to high levels of ROS, such as liver cells.

A

Glutathione peroxidase

28
Q

A condition in which there is an imbalance between ROS production and ROS detoxification. contribute to a variety of diseases, including cancer, heart disease, and Alzheimer’s disease

A

Oxidative stress

29
Q

Uses NADPH to reduce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water. This protects cells from the damaging effects of H2O2.

A

Glutathione peroxidase

30
Q

Regenerates reduced glutathione, which is used by glutathione peroxidase to reduce H2O2. NADPH is also used in this reaction.

A

Glutathione reductase

31
Q

Converts superoxide to H2O2. Superoxide can damage cells even more than H2O2.

A

Superoxide dismutase

32
Q

Converts H2O2 to water and oxygen.

A

Catalase

33
Q

Antioxidant chemicals

A

Ascorbate (vitamin C)
Vitamin E
β-carotene

34
Q

Reduces ROS, including H2O2 and superoxide.

A

Ascorbate (vitamin C)
Vitamin E
β-carotene

35
Q

is a process by which white blood cells (such as neutrophils) engulf and kill bacteria and other foreign particles.
This is an important part of the immune system’s defense against infection.

A

Phagocytosis

36
Q

These mechanisms use pH changes in phagolysosomes and lysosomal enzymes to destroy pathogens.

A

Oxygen-independent mechanisms

37
Q

These mechanisms use the enzymes NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase (MPO) to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which kill bacteria

A

Oxygen-dependent mechanisms

38
Q

rare genetic disorder caused by a deficiency in NADPH oxidase. People with CGD are more susceptible to severe, persistent infections.

A

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)

39
Q

Highly reactive molecules that can damage cells. produced as byproducts of normal metabolism, but they can also be produced in response to stress or exposure to toxins.

A

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

40
Q

A vesicle formed by the fusion of a phagosome and a lysosome.

A

Phagolysosome

41
Q

contain bacteria or other foreign particles that have been engulfed by the cell.

A

Phagosomes

42
Q

contain enzymes that can break down bacteria and other foreign particles.

A

Lysosomes

43
Q

is a gas produced by many cells in the body, including the lining of blood vessels, nerve cells, and immune cells.

A

Nitric oxide (NO)

44
Q

NO causes blood vessels to relax and widen, which _____blood flow to tissues.

A

increases

45
Q

has a very short half-life in the body, meaning that it breaks down quickly. This is because it is a free radical, which means that it has an unpaired electron

A

NO

46
Q

is an enzyme that produces nitric oxide (NO).

A

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS)

47
Q

3 types of NOS:

A

Endothelial NOS (eNOS)
Neuronal NOS (nNOS)
Inducible NOS (iNOS)

48
Q

is found in the lining of blood vessels and produces NO to keep blood vessels open and relaxed.

A

Endothelial NOS (eNOS)

49
Q

is found in nerve cells and produces NO to regulate nerve signaling.

A

Neuronal NOS (nNOS):

50
Q

is found in many cells, including macrophages and neutrophils, and is produced in response to infection or inflammation

A

Inducible NOS (iNOS)

51
Q

NO causes blood vessels to relax and widen, which increases blood flow. It does this by activating an enzyme called guanylate cyclase, which produces

A

cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP).

52
Q

is a signaling molecule that causes smooth muscle cells in the blood vessel walls to relax.

A

cGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphate

53
Q

are immune cells that help to fight infection. iNOS produces NO in macrophages, which can kill bacteria and other pathogens.

A

Macrophages

54
Q
  • is a X-linked genetic disorder characterized by hemolytic anemia caused by the inability to detoxify oxidizing agents.
A

G6PD deficiency

55
Q

is a condition in which the body’s red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be replaced

A

Hemolytic anemia

56
Q

If G6PD activity is ___ , red blood cells are more likely to be damaged by free radicals.

A

reduced

57
Q

NADPH is used to reduce:

A

glutathione (GSH)

58
Q

an antioxidant that helps to neutralize free radicals

A

glutathione (GSH)

59
Q

Commonly used drugs that produce hemolytic anemia in patients with G6PD deficiency: “AAA”

A

antibiotics (for example, sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol),
antimalarials (for example, primaquine), and antipyretics (for example, acetanilid).

60
Q

the hemolytic effect of ingesting fava beans, is not observed in all individuals with G6PD deficiency

A

Favism

61
Q

is the most common precipitating factor of hemolysis in G6PD deficiency

A

Infection

BIOCHEM MIDTERMS (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions