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biochem 2 final > pentose phosphate pathway > Flashcards

pentose phosphate pathway Flashcards

1
Q

where does the pentose phosphate pathway occur?

A

in the cytoplasm of all cells

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2
Q

what is the key enzyme of PP pathway?

A

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

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3
Q

what are the 2 phases of PP pathway?

A

oxidative- production of NADPH; irreversible

non-oxidative- interconversion of sugars; reversible

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4
Q

what are the 4 steps of the PP pathway?

A

Dehydrogenation- of G-6-P
Hydrolysis- of phosphogluconolactone
Oxidative decarboxylation- produces ribulose-5-phosphate
Isomerization- ribose-5-phosphate

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5
Q

what are the reactants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase?

A

G-6-P

NADP+

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6
Q

what are the products of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase/ dehydrogenation?

A

NADPH

6-phosphogluconolactone

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7
Q

what does oxidative decarboxylation produce?

A

ribulose-5-phosphate

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8
Q

in the isomerization step of PP pathway what is produced?

A

ribose-5-phosphate

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9
Q

NADPH is an electron donor during which processes?

A

reductive biosynthesis
respiratory burst
detoxification
regeneration of antioxidants (free radical elimination)

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10
Q

anything that consumes NADPH and ribose stimulates?

A

pentose phosphate pathway!

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11
Q

building FA
building cholesterol
building steroid hormones
building bile salts

all these processes require electrons from?

A

NADPH

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12
Q

NADPH is an electron donor when toxins become water soluble for excretion by adding electrons and oxygen. this process is called?

A

P450 monooxygenase system

aka cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system

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13
Q

when white blood cells take in more oxygen its called

A

respiratory bursts

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14
Q

creating harsh chemistry to kill bad guys by using

A

electrons from NADPH

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15
Q

what produces hydrogen peroxide?

A

superoxide dismutase

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16
Q

superoxide dismutase is used to create reactive species to destroy?

A

bacteria, viruses and other non-self

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17
Q

what is the enzyme that makes hypochlorous acid from H2O2?

A

myeloperoxidase- even more productive at killing bad stuff

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18
Q

what is a substance that inhibits oxidation and is capable of counteracting the damaging effects of oxidation in body tissue?

A

antioxidant

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19
Q

what do free radicals and reactive species attack?

A

polyunsaturated fat in phospholipids
protein in cells
nucleic acids in DNA

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20
Q

when we add electrons from NADPH to regenerate antioxidants so they can keep protecting the body from free radicals?

A

antioxidant regeneration

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21
Q

antioxidants need to be given an electron to restore their?

A

reducing power

22
Q

what is the process by which electronically excited molecules are inactivated?

A

quenching- antioxidant giving an electron to the free radical/ reactive oxygen species

23
Q

when free radicals are quenched, antioxidants get ________

A

oxidized

24
Q

when antioxidants are regenerated, they are being ________

A

reduced

25
Q

what is the process by which an antioxidants reducing power is restored?

A

antioxidant regeneration

26
Q

superoxide dismustase quenches which free radical?

A

superoxide

27
Q

catalase and glutathione peroxidase quench which free radical?

A

hydrogen peroxide

28
Q

where is the location of SOD?

A

extracellular
cytoplasm
mitochondria

29
Q

what is the function of SOD?

A

eliminate superoxide

produce hydrogen peroxide

30
Q

what is the location of catalase?

A

mostly cell peroxisomes

31
Q

what minerals are needed for SOD to produce H2O2?

A

zinc

copper manganese

32
Q

what is catalase dependent on?

A

iron

33
Q

what is the function of catalase?

A

eliminate H2O2

neutrophils have lots of catalase (respiratory bursts)

34
Q

what is the location of glutathione peroxidase?

A

most cells
cytosol
mitochondria

35
Q

what is glutathione peroxidase dependent on?

A

selenium

36
Q

what is the function of glutathione peroxidase?

A

eliminate hydrogen peroxide

37
Q

what are the 3 peptides that make up glutathione?

A

glutamate
cysteine
glycine

38
Q

because GPX is active in the cytosol and mitochondria, most ____ is removed this way

A

H2O2

39
Q

regenerating glutathione requires electrons from?

A

NADPH

40
Q

antioxidants get oxidized when they quench which reactive molecules?

A

superoxide, hydroxyl radical, H2O2

41
Q

NADPH is needed to stimulate which enzyme which then stimulates which pathway?

A

stimulates glucose-6-phosphate which stimulates PPP

42
Q

nitrogenous base =

A

purine or pyrimidine

43
Q

what are the purines?

A

guanine and adenine

44
Q

what are the pyrimidines?

A

thymine and cytosine- DNA

uracil and cytosine- RNA

45
Q

nucleoside =

A

base + sugar

46
Q

nucleotide =

A

base + sugar + phosphate

47
Q

what are the uses for ribose?

A

nitrogenous base
nucleoside
nucleotide

48
Q

what does ribose build?

A

ATP
Coenzyme A
FAD
NADPH, NADH

49
Q

how are glycolysis and PPP linked?

A

they move molecules back and forth from each pathway

50
Q

what enzymes are responsible for link between glycolysis and PPP?

A

transketolase

transaldolase

51
Q

what does the PPP make?

A

ribose

NADPH

52
Q

what is the key enzyme of PPP?

A

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

biochem 2 final (5 decks)

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