Pendle <3

Question 1

Give a background of Pendle? Where and why?

Answer 1

Just 7 years after the gunpower plot was exposed, another danger from within threatened to result in turmoil in James I’d England. The Lancashire with trials were held in the context of anti-C hysteria and suspicion; it was even alleged that the witches were plotting to blow up Lancaster Castle with gunpowder. The events that look place in and around the Pendle Forest shared many of the same features ad other 17th c witch trials.

Question 2

What was the guidebook and what happened in 1603?

Answer 2

Daemonolgie 1597, but even he had reservations about witch-hunting after he became King of England 1603.

Question 3

What was the special element in Pendle and what did it result in?

Answer 3

The use of witnesses: The 9 year old Jennet Device gave evidence in the 1612 trial which led to the execution of 10 people, including her entire family. Prior to this, children under the age of 14 were seen as unreliable witnesses.

Question 4

In 1618 the writings of Thomas Potts and the evidence presented by Jennet Device were included in a. anew handbook for Justices of the Peace called The Country Justice. What was it?

Answer 4

It covered all types of crime and included witchcraft as a serious breach of law. The book went through more than 20 editions and was used by all magistrates investigating witchcraft e.g. Salem (most of evidence was by children).

Question 5

What was the farming situation?

Answer 5

Pendle Forest was originally set aside for deer hunting, but by 1296 over 900 cattle were kept on farms there. In the early 17c, Pendle could be categoriesd as an upland pastoral economy. There was limited arable (crops) farming. Heavy industry existed in Lancashire but the majority of people were engaged in pastoral farming.

Question 6

What does probate inventories from Lancaster show?

Answer 6

Many families were engaged in both cattle rearing and the manufacture of cloth. Contained 70% of tools required for cloth production were there.

Question 7

Suspects were accused of damaging livestock as well which supports that cattle was important to the economy. Give evidence?

Answer 7

Cows were valuable and could fetch nearly £3 at market. Anne Whittle was accused of bewitching cattle belonging to Hugh Moore, as well as a cow belonging to Anthony Nutter.

Question 8

Pendle forest was passed into Crown ownership in 1399, cattle farms were to be leased to tenants on an informal basis until 1507, when arrangements were formalised with fixed rents. What happened as a result?

Answer 8

Rents increased by 39%and more general price inflation in the 16c meant that copyholders benefitted through increased profits. Those who did not have rights as copyholders has to pay forest entry and rents messy that their economic situation had become strained.

Question 9

Explain morality rates and how that relates to 1665 and other conditions.

Answer 9

Lower in 17c than previous centuries mainly because if a decline in epidemics such as the plague. However, still incidents such as 1665 plague which killed 100,000 in London. As population increased, food needed to be produced more efficiently and the religious of the People catered for.

Question 10

Where does the likely suspected witches live?

Answer 10

In properties acquired by the illegal arrangement whereby houses with fewer than 4 acres could be let. They therefore had no legal contracts which would expose them to further economic difficulties.

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Question 14

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Question 15

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Question 17

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Question 18

Despite the reputation of Lancaster as a refuge for recrusent, what are Pendle’s records like?

Answer 18

Unremarkable. Therefore it seems Pendle did not suffer as much as other communities that went through the P reformation.

Question 19

Give an example of local clergy occasionally coming yo blows with their superiors. Nuttall and Horrocks. (Horrifying).

Answer 19

Christopher Nuttal, a minister in Pendle, came to the attention go the authorities when he married a couple in an alehouse, and had married a couple without a licence in 1592. The curate of Newchurch in Pendle, John Horrocks, gained a reputation for heavy drinking and immoral behaviour.

Question 20

Give an example go residents of Pendle troubling the church courts in the early 17c. (1)

Answer 20

In 1611- two C were found living in the house of Henry Stranded in secret and not attending their parish church, this was reported to the church but not acted upon.

Question 21

Give an example go residents of Pendle troubling the church courts in the early 17c. (2)

Answer 21

In 1626, Richard Moore was charged for cleaning that God did more harm than good, and a constable was charged in 1622 for being absent from church.

Question 22

What shows that the P reformation and Puritan R may have only had limited impact on many people?

Answer 22

The fact older witches were charged with using spells based on corrupted version of old C prayers.

Question 23

Newchurch in Pendle was served by a chapel rather than a larger Parish church, what did the parish over and what have historians said about it?

Answer 23

180 square miles and a population of 100,000 people. Historians have suggested that this was too large and authorities viewed Lancaster as an ignorant corner were C and superstition could easily he fostered.

Question 24

The region was without a Bishop or cathedral until when and what happened in the dissolution.

Answer 24

Until Chester Cathedral was established in 1541, and on Henry VIII dissolution Whalley Abbey was closed down.

Question 25

What was the impact of the dissolution?

Answer 25

For centuries the abbey has provided charity and education to the local population, and when it closed the Pendle forest cost an irreplaceable resource. The abbey owned vast swathes of land, and received a healthy income of events. This inflow of death enabled the abbey to provide resources and money to the poor. Upkeep or chapels and churches in Lancashire.

In the absence of C abbey, a group pf Puritan clergy and their associates amongst the gentry were able to wield more influence. Puritan gentry were given control, of the abbey and its lands which gave them more power.

Question 26

What is witchcraft like in Lancastershire? 100 cases.

Answer 26

In these cases, magic is accepted as a familiae part of religious life, and there are blurred boundaries between witchcraft and the work of village healers, who used helpful or ‘white’ magic. The evidence from Pendle seems to suggest that the senior witched were involved in white magic as well as maleficuim.

Question 27

What was the laws before 1604?

Answer 27

English courts worked within a more traditional framework when investigating witchcraft. Unlike the to continental system, English law required members of the local community to make accusations, rather than clergy. Juries were drawn from the community to make accusations, rather than clergy. Juries were drawn from the community. The crimes that witches were charged with had not changed for centuries because they were based on popular and accepted beliefs.

Question 28

What evidence did maleficuim use before 1604? What about after 1604?

Answer 28

Maleficuim was an overwhelming accusation in the 15 and 16c centuries. Until the stautue was amended in 1604, English courts required tangible evidence of maleficuim, such as death or injury. They treated suspects in a similar way to other criminals.

Question 29

Why is the 1604 act significant?

Answer 29

Conjuring spirits is a capital offence.
Pact with the devil.
Threat to social order and the 1612 trial was the first evidence that the law was working.

Question 30

Who was Rodger Nowell?

Answer 30

A local magistrate who was central to compelling the case and conducting the witch-hunt. An experience JP and local landowner.

Question 31

What was Discourse of Damned Art of Witches?

Answer 31

Probably familiar with William Perkins’ Discourse of Damned Art of Witches (1608), which promoted of a pact with the devil.

Question 32

What happened with Nowell and Device?

Answer 32

She confessed after interrogation and it is not known how. He was now in a position to charge Device but she did not stop with her confession- she elaborated on her story and Nowell’s investigation became more widespread.

Question 33

What did Alizon describe?

Answer 33

Her initiation into witchcraft and explainned that her grandmother had attempted to persuade her to take a familiar one day when they were begging together. She claimed that she was promised that her familiar would grant her riches so long as she let it suckle from her.

Question 34

What were three other examples of Demdike’s witchcraft?

Answer 34

The first related to a local farmer, John Nutter, whose cow became sick. Nutter asked Demdike to heal the cow. As Demdike was blind, Alison led her from her house, and her younger sister Jennet helped her return. Alison heard the next day that the cow had died.

The second concerned some milk Alison acquired through begging and brought into the house she shared with her family. When Alison arrived home, Demdike was lying in bed. She left the milk, and when she return 30 minutes large there was a 1/4 pond of butter with it, despite the fact that Demdike had not left her bed.

The third incident related to a feud between Demdike and a local farmer, Richard Baldwin, Alison explained that Demdike asked for assistance leaving the house at night, and the next morning Baldwin’s daughter became ill. His daughter died after a year, and Alison claimed to have heard her grandmother curing Baldwin.

Question 35

(Alison) Give two examples of rivalry of Demidke (grandmother) and Chattox and what heinous acts Chattox did?

Answer 35

Chattox was guilty of murder through witchcraft. She recalled a story of Chattox cursing her friend, Anne Nutter. Three weeks later Nutter died.

Hugh Moore, died after accusing Chattox of bewitching his cattle.

Question 36

Alison was searched for a Devils mark and her mother Elizabeth was too? What happened?

Answer 36

She admitted to having a mark on her left side that had been present for 40 yrs. Despite this was allowed to go free along with her son, James.

Question 37

Look at her confession!

Answer 37

She has a lot of usual things in her confession.

Question 38

What did Demdike say about Chattox which she uses as a platform after her confession to bring others down?

Answer 38

She told a time when she saw Chattox and her daughter, Anne sitting outside making figures of clay. Her familiar, Tibb, told her that they were effigies of Christopher Nutter, Robert Nutter and Robert’s wife, Marie. Bibb suggested that she could help the other woman in making the effigies, and when she refused Bibb pushed her into a ditch.

Question 39

What did Chattox admit in her confession?

Answer 39

She admitted according to Potts, volunarilaty- that around 15 years earlier she had been pestered by a man who wanted her to give him her soul. Eventually she had consented and was promised that from that moment she would want for nothing and be able to take revenge on any people who had wronged her.

Question 40

What did Chattox say she had to call her familiar?

Answer 40

She was told to call her spirit ‘Fancie’ soon and when she did not call on her spirit for some time it became relentless and encouraged her to harm people.

Question 41

Give two statements Nowell took and what they said?

Answer 41

Margaret Cook- Robert Nutter’s sister who spoke about her brother quarrel with Anne Redferne wand his belief that he had bewitched him.

John Nutter- 18 years ago previously when he father was killed by witchcraft.

James Robinson- servant of the Nutters- evidence Chattox and Anne Redferbe were well-known witches.

Question 42

When was the meeting and Malkin Tower?

Answer 42

Good Friday.

Question 43

What evidence did James give for Malkin Tower?

Answer 43

With his help they discovered a clay image and some teeth from the graveyard and Newchurch. James was now under suspicion but was assisting the authorities with their enquires. The two men then crossed the county border into Yorkshire and visited another suspect, Jennet Preston, in Guisburn, in order for James to identify her as someone present at the infamous meeting at Malkin Tower.

He had killed two people within a week of meeting them and cliques like black cats visiting him at midnight.

Question 44

Who else did Nowell sought help from to help examine Elizabeth, James and Jennet Device?

Answer 44

Magistrate, Nicholas Bannister on 27th April.

Question 45

Why did Jennet become a start witness after Malkin Tower?

Answer 45

9 years old- she explained to Nowell that James had stolen a sheep to be eaten at the meeting, and he had killed it at their house in front of her. She said that around 20 witches were present at the meeting, but she could only name 6. When James was interrogated ge was able to reveal more names.

Question 46

What three objectives did Nowell discover the meeting had?

Answer 46

They planned to secure the release of the four women imprisioned at. Lancaster Caste by blowing it up and murdering the gaoler- unrealistic objective and may not have been planned at all.

Me in order to carry out a ritual that would give a name to Alison Device’s spirit. As she was detained and could not be present, the ritual was not carried out.

They intended to provide protecttion to Jennet Preston, the woman identified as a witch by James Device and Henry Hardgraves she had been accused by the Lister family and recently released after being on trial at York.

Question 47

How did James and Jennet implicate their mother?

Answer 47

Elizabeth.

Question 48

How many were detained after Malkin?

Answer 48

Despite large numbers of people accused only Alice Nutter, John and Jane Bulcock, Katherine Hewitt and Alice Grey were sent with James and Elizabeth to Lancaster. In total 11 people were now detained.

Question 49

What did Malkin Tower do??

Answer 49

MAKE IT INTO A FULL BLOWN WITCH HUNT!!

Question 50

Who was Sir James Altham?

Answer 50

He was coming to the end of his legal career. He was from a gentry family and was educated at Trinity College Cambridge. He was elected as MP for Bramber in 1589 and was knighted by James in 1605. He was appointed Baron of the Exchequer in 1606. He was well respected but had similar beliefs about witchcraft to James I. Altham had been accused of sending an innocent woman to the gallows for witchcraft.

Question 51

Who was Sir Edward Bromley?

Answer 51

Came from a similar background to Altham. He was educated in the Calvinist tradition. King James gave him the role of mediator in the HOL over proposals for a union between England and Scotland.

Bromley was a senior lawyer but wanted to work in LONDON! There was NO DOUBT that he wanted to gain the King’s favour.

Question 52

What are both judges able to accept?

Answer 52

Dubious evidence and confessions that were probably made under torture.

Question 53

LOOK AT THE TIMELINE AND CHARACTER DESCRIPTIONS!

Answer 53

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