Bamburg (Luther Supremacy <33) Flashcards
When was the time span?
1623-32
Luther Background and Calvinist and Lutherans and Catholics.
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What happened in the second half of the 16c?
Counter Reformation began which gained territory and followers of the C. Led to prince-bishops from across the HRE and gained momentum trough the influence of the recently established jesuit order.
Where were jesuit churches?
Munich and the message from the clergy was fiercely anti-P- in return P believe that C were in league with the devil and the Pope and anti-christ.
What did C emperors been seen to promote?
Promote the jesuit cause, and they were settled across modern Germany and Vienna, Graz, Innsbruck and Linz in Austria. C a central important of the lands ruled by prince bishops.
What does the Parish church Zeil, St Michael?
An important ceiling painting can be found which shows the CC victorious over the P heretics. CONNECTION WITH P AND WITCHES.
Was there Lutheran resistance?
YES! The small L commune of Markstzeuln. which was controlled by the Bishop of Bamburg, the parishioners of the local P church refused to denounce their faith.
Threats and weapons and chased out of area- c.
When Johann Gottfried von Aschhausenn was appointed prince bishop of B in 1609, he prioritised the conversion of P parishes. A number of methods caused further resentment. What are they? Give 3.
Fines were imposed on parishes which remained P.
Supplies of wood to P parishes were restricted.
Lutherans rounded up and arrested,
When Johann Gottfried von Aschhausenn was appointed prince bishop of B in 1609, he prioritised the conversion of P parishes. A number of methods caused further resentment. What are they? Give 3.
Fines were imposed on parishes which remained P.
Supplies of wood to P parishes were restricted.
Lutherans rounded up and arrested,
P could face imprisonment in Bamberg tower, in a room 12ft wide and infested with vermin.
What did Von Aschhausen do?
Invited the Jesuits to settle in B and founded C schools. He also send unco-operative priests to their own prison, known as ‘Priests’ Vaults’.
What did VA do in 1610?
Issued a new ordinance concerning witch craft and he ordered an investigation whereby any person found to be guilty go practising magic would be serenely punished.
What did the 1611’s bishop’s visitation report state?
Blasphemous practices were still being carried out in B, including fortune telling and spell casting.
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What did the election of George II Fuchs von Dornheim do?
Removed and opposition to witch-hunting.
When was the Thirty Years War?
1618-1648
Where does the origins of the war come from?
Religious divisions and the ambitions of the Habsburg monarchy.
For the war what was happening to the role of HRE?
It was still powerful but by the 17th c the office was declining in authority.
The role was often concerned with enhancing the HB territory through marriage and it would often cause resentment as was the case with Bohemia and Moravia., where P became bitter as a result of Counter-Reformation policies.
What happened in the case of Bohemia and Moravia?
In Prague, defenestration was carried out on representatives of the Emperor. The Protestants of Bohemia then raised armies in support of fredrick V, Elector Palatine (son in law of James)
Many of the German states became embroiled in the war, and historians argue this increased witch hunting. Give the figures for foreign armies in the war.
Specifically France. Je posco te el tre jolie.
150,000 swedes
100,000 Danes
Dutch, English, Scottish
1635- France joined the anti-Habsburg alliance and the war became less of a war of religion and more a continuation of the existing rivalry between the French and Habsburgs.
What economic and social impact did the war have on Bamburg and wider empire?
Famine was caused as soldiers requisitioned food, villages and towns were plundered for supplies and young men were conscripted to both sides. This combined with crop failures of and inflation led to an increased fear of witches as misfortune was seen to be present.
What religious impact did the war have?
Catholic in B who had fought for the CR became more fanatical than ever. People who had deviated from orthodox C practices were labelled as heretics, and inevitably suspicion was laid upon the Devil.
For religious impact of the war, give the categories of people.
Women whose sexual behaviour from that expected from the CC was deviated from.
People whose political views to the war deviated from the C
People who had an existing reputation for healing, fortune telling and sorcery.
Members of the upper class. a LAW WAS PASSED THAT SAID YOU COULD CONFISCATE A WITCHES’ PROPERTY.
A number of trials between 1623 and 1632 made reference to weather and poor harvests. Give an example.
The confession of Katharina Merckhlerin, made in Nov 1626, contained age admission that she as been part of a plot to freeze and destroy all of B crops.
What was the weather like in the 1620’s?
The witch trials peaked in B in 1629 and it was also the year that frost destroyed the wine crop. The 1620’s were generally wet and cold and in trial records of 1628 is revered as a year without a summer. The early 17c concede with the so called little ice age.
What was the debt from the war?
800,000 florins by the end with made the crisis worse. During the war the authorities had little choice but to levy high taxes. It was in the interest of the prince bishop to carry out witch hunts to ensure that the frost did not return.
Explain the prominent feature of petitions from subjects to their overlords.
Although the vast majority of suspects in Bamburg were arrested after they were named by others under torture as accomplices, petitions from subjects to their overlords were also a regular feature of the trials. These petitions demanded the eradication of witches in a particular village, parish or town. Evidence suggests that a petition produce after the frost of May 1626 triggered some of the trials.
Why was money also a general issue? What happened after 1610?
Imports started to decline. Across the Empire, non-silver currency was utilised, The gold florin, which was used across Europe as a reserve currency, had reduced in gold content from 79% to 77%. As money lost its real value and poor weather caused crop failures, inflation occurred,
What impact on witchcraft did the money problems had?
The people of B has little understanding of economics. The only possibly explanation of all of these issues was magic and witchcraft. It is no coincidence that those accused of witchcraft in B were more likely to live along trade routes. This meant they were more likely to engage in financial conflict with their neighbour’s and others.
What did Maria Anna Junius, nun and daughter of the Mayor of Bamburg, John Junius attempted to explain the causes of the hunt in her memoirs is?
Inflation
