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Med School Year 3 > Pelvis & Reproductive Anatomy > Flashcards

Pelvis & Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the testes contained within?

A

the scrotum

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2
Q

what muscle lies underneath the skin of the scrotum?

A

dartos

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3
Q

what does the spermatic cord enter?

A

inguinal canal

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4
Q

spermatic fascia

A

thick layer of connective tissue that surrounds the testes

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5
Q

tunica vaginalis

A

inner membranous envelope underneath the spermatic fascia

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6
Q

what does the tunica vaginalis create around the testes?

A

fluid filled envelope

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7
Q

through what do spermatozoa pass through to reach the ductus deferens?

A

epididymis

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8
Q

tunica albuginea

A

tough fibrous coat that surrounds the testes

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9
Q

where are spermatazoa formed?

A

in the seminiferous tubules within the testes

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10
Q

where do the seminiferous tubules converge?

A

mediastinum of the testes - fibrous area

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11
Q

what do the mediastinum of the testes join?

A

rete testis - network of tubules

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12
Q

what emerge from the rete testis?

A

4-12 efferent ducts/vasa efferentia

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13
Q

what are the 3 parts of the epididymis?

A

head
body
tail

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14
Q

in the head of the epididymis, what do the efferent ducts unite to form?

A

the duct of the epididymis

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15
Q

what makes up the bulk of the epididymis?

A

the duct of the epididymis

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16
Q

what does the tail of the epididymis become continuous with?

A

the ductus deferens - passes up to enter the spermatic cord

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17
Q

label this diagram of the testes

A
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18
Q

what does the spermatic cord contain?

A

the testicular blood vessels
ductus deferens

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19
Q

pampiniform plexus

A

arrangment of veins that drain the testis
surrounds the testicular artery

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20
Q

what is the ductus deferens made of?

A

thick wall of smooth muscle

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21
Q

what does the ductus deferens widen out to form?

A

the ampulla of the ductus deferens - superior to prostate - where spermatozoa are stored

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22
Q

what is lateral to the ampulla of the ductus deferens?

A

the seminal vesicles

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23
Q

what do the seminal vesicles form?

A

nutrient liquid that forms most of the volume of the seminal fluid

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24
Q

the walls of the ampulla and the seminal vesicle are formed largely of what>

A

smooth muscle

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25
Q

when the smooth muscle of the seminal vesicles and ampulal contract, what happens?

A

the contents of both pass together into ejaculatory duct

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26
Q

where do the ejaculatory ducts open into?

A

the urethra - on either side of the colliculus

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27
Q

label this diagram

A
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28
Q

what are the main erectile bodies of the penis?

A

the corpus cavernosum

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29
Q

tunica albuginea

A

strong layer of fibrous tissue that contain the corpus cavernosum

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30
Q

what separates the two corpus cavernosum?

A

an incomplete septum

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31
Q

what is within the tunica albuginea?

A

a continuous space intersected by an open network of fibromuscular tissue - filled with blood (less = flaccid, more = erect)

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32
Q

what runs underneath the corpus cavernosum?

A

the corpus spongiosum

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33
Q

what is contained within the corpus spongiosum?

A

the urethra

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34
Q

what changes happen within the tissues of the penis during erection?

A

corpus cavernosum - hard
corpus spongiosum - remain soft

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35
Q

label this cross section of the penis

A
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36
Q

where does the penis pass through?

A

top of scrotum between two spermatic cords

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37
Q

what loosely suspends the penis?

A

suspensory ligaments

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38
Q

triangular ligament of penis

A

firmly attaches the penis to the sloping underside of the pubic symphasis

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39
Q

what forms the bulb of the penis?

A

the corpus spongiosum

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40
Q

what forms the crura of the penis?

A

the corpus cavernosum

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41
Q

label this diagram

A
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42
Q

what provides the propulsive force for ejaculation?

A

bulbospongiosus muscle

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43
Q

label the superficial perineal pouch in males

A
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44
Q

what are the 4 parts of the urethra in males?

A
  • prostatic urethra
  • membranous urether
  • bulbar urethra
  • penile urethra
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45
Q

what is the memranous urethra surrounded by?

A

sleeve of striated muscle - external urethral sphincter (voluntary control)

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46
Q

label the male urethra

A
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47
Q

the suspensory ligament of hte penis is a condensation of what?

A

deep fascia

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48
Q

the fundiform ligaments of the penisare a condenstion of what?

A

abdominal subcutaneous tissue

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49
Q

what fascial coverings are found in the penis?

A
  1. external fascia of Colles
  2. Buck’s fascia
  3. tunica albuginea
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50
Q

what arteries supply the penis?

A
  • dorsal arteries
  • deep arteries
  • bulbourethral artery

all branches of internal pudenal artery

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51
Q

where does the internal pudendal artery arise from?

A

anterior division of internal iliac artery

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52
Q

what veins drain the penis?

A
  • deep dorsal vein - cavernous spaces into prostatic venous plexus
  • superficial dorsal veins - skin and cutaneous tissue
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53
Q

label this diagram of the arterial supply of the penis:

A
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54
Q

describe the innervation of the penis:

A
  • S2-S4
  • dorsal nerve - sensory + sympathetic innervation to skin + glans
  • cavernous nerves - parasympathetic changes that cause erections
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55
Q

what are teh seminiferous tubules supported by?

A

interstitial tissue

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56
Q

what does interstitial tissue contain?

A

Leydig cells

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57
Q

what are the seminiferous tubules lined by?

A

Sertoli cells

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58
Q

what is the head of the epididymis formed by?

A

efferent tubules of testes

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59
Q

where do developing sperm collect?

A

rete testis

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60
Q

what suspends the testes from the abdomen?

A

spermatic cord

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61
Q

describe the innervation of the testes:

A
  • testicular plexus
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62
Q

describe the vascular supply of the testes:

A
  • paired testicular arteries
  • cremasteric artery
  • artery of vans deferens
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63
Q

describe the venous drainage of the testes:

A

paired testicular veins - formed from pampiniform plexus
* left - drains into left renal vein
* right - drains into inferior vena cava

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64
Q

where does the left testicular vein drain into?

A

left renal vein

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65
Q

where does the right testicular vein drain into?

A

inferior vena cava

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66
Q

describe the lymphatic drainage of teh testes:

A

lumbar and para-aortic nodes

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67
Q

what is special about the vessels, nerves and lymph drainage of the testes, for example compared to the scrotum?

A

all vessels, nerves and lymph drainage are carried with the testes from the abdomen during development.

scrotum - comes from surrounding tissues

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68
Q

embyologically, where is the scrotum derived from?

A

paired genital swellings

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69
Q

paired genital swelling during development fuses in the midline of the testes. what is this known as?

A

scrotal raphe

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70
Q

how does the dartos muscle regulate temperature of the testes?

A
  • wrinkles the skin
  • decreases surface area
  • reduces heat loss
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71
Q

describe the arterial supply of the scrotum:

A
  • anterior scrotal artery
  • posterior scrotal artery
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72
Q

describe the innervation of the scrotum:

A
  • anterior scrotal nerves - anterior and anterolateral aspect
  • posterior scrotal nerves
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73
Q

describe the lymphatics of the scrotum:

A

drains into superficial inguinal nodes

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74
Q

where does the spermatic cord begin and end?

A

inferior abdomen
ends in scrotum

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75
Q

what fascial coverings are found in the spermatic cord?

A
  • external spermatic fascia
  • cremaster muscle + fascia
  • internal spermatic fasica
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76
Q

where is teh external spermatic fascia derived from?

A

deep subcutaneous fascia

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77
Q

where is the cremaster muscle + fascia derived from?

A

internal oblique muscle

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78
Q

where is the internal spermatic fascia derived from?

A

transversalis fascia

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79
Q

what basic structures does the spermatic cord contain?

A
  • blood vessels
  • nerves
  • vas deferens
  • processus vaginalis
  • lymph vessels
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80
Q

what blood vessels does the spermatic cord contain?

A
  • testicular artery
  • cremasteric artery + vein
  • artery to vas deferens
  • pampiniform plexus
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81
Q

pampiniform plexus

A

network of veins responsible for venous drainage of testes that wraps aorund the testicular artery

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82
Q

what is the function of the pampiniform plexus?

A

acts as a heat exhanger
cools arterial blood before it reaches teh testes

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83
Q

what does the vas deferens join with to form the ejaculatory duct?

A

seminal vesicle

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84
Q

what is the largest accessory gland in the male reproductive system?

A

prostate gland

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85
Q

what is the function of the prostate?

A

secretes proteolytic enzymes into semen
helps breakdown clotting factors in ejaculate - allows semen to retain fluid state

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86
Q

histologically, the prostate is divided into what 3 zones?

A
  • central
  • transitional
  • peripheral
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87
Q

describe the arterial and venous supply of the prostate

A
  • prostatic artery
  • prostatic venous plexus
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88
Q

describe the innervation of the prostate

A
  • inferoir hyogastric plexus
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89
Q

what are bulbourethral glands also known as?

A

cowper’s glands

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90
Q

what do the bulbourethral glands produce?

A

lubricating alkaline mucous during sexual arousal that contains glycoproteins

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91
Q

describe the vasculature of the bulbourethral glands

A

arteries to bulb of the penis

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92
Q

describe the innervation of the bulbourethral glands

A
  • hypogastric nerve
  • pelvic nerve
  • pelvic branch of pudendal nerve
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93
Q

describe the lymphatics of the bulbourethral glands?

A

internal and external iliac lymph nodes

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94
Q

what provides 70% of total volume of semen?

A

seminal vesicles

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95
Q

where are the seminal vesicles located?

A

between the bladder fundus and the rectum

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96
Q

describe the internal structure of the seminal vesicles

A

lobulated with mucosa lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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97
Q

what structures in the male reproductive system are derived from the mesonephric ducts?

A
  • seminal vesicles
  • ejaculatory ducts
  • epididymis
  • ductus deferens

SEED

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98
Q

the seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, epididymis and ductus deferens are all derived from what?

A

mesonephric ducts

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99
Q

describe the vasculature of seminal vesicles:

A
  • inferior vesicle
  • internal pudenal
  • middle rectal

all branches of internal iliac

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100
Q

describe the innervation of erections vs ejaculation

A

erections - parasympathetic (point)
ejaculation - sympathetic (shoot)

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101
Q

describe the lymphatic drainage of the seminal vesicles

A

external and internal iliac lymph nodes

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102
Q

what arteries supply the penis?

A
  • dorsal arteries
  • deep arteries
  • bulbourethral artery

all branches of internal pudenal artery

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103
Q

label this diagram of the clitoris

A
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104
Q

label this diagram of the external vagina

A
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105
Q

label this diagram showing parasympathetic innervation

A
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106
Q

label this diagram

A
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107
Q

label this diagram

A
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108
Q

label this diagram

A
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109
Q

label this diagram of the pudendal nerve

A
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110
Q

label this diagram

A
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111
Q

what makes up the anterior wall of the pelvis?

A
  • symphasis pubis
  • pubic body
  • pubic rami
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112
Q

what makes up the posterior wall of the pelvis?

A
  • sacrum
  • coccyx
  • piriformis muscle
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113
Q

what makes up the lateral wall of the pelvis?

A
  • os coxa
  • sacrospinous + sacrotuberous ligaments
  • obturator membrane
  • obturator canal
  • obturater internus muscle
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114
Q

label this diagram of the pelvic floor

A
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115
Q

urogenital hiatus

A

anteriorly situated gap
allwos passage of urethra + vagina

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116
Q

rectal hiatus

A

centrally positioned gap
allows passage of anal canal

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117
Q

perineal body

A

fibrous node between urogential hiatus and anal hiatus
joins pelvic floor to perineum

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118
Q

anteriorly situated gap
allwos passage of urethra + vagina

A

urogenital hiatus

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119
Q

centrally positioned gap
allows passage of anal canal

A

rectal hiatus

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120
Q

fibrous node between urogential hiatus and anal hiatus
joins pelvic floor to perineum

A

perineal body

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121
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the pelvic floor?

A
  • support abdominopelvic viscera through their tonic contraction
  • resistance to increases in intra-abdominal pressure during coughing/lifting heavy objects
  • urinary + fecal continence through sphincter action of muscle on rectum + urethra
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

abdominopelvic viscera

A

consists of:
* bladder
* intestines
* uterus
* etc

123
Q

what are the levator ani innervated by?

A

anterior ramus of S4
branches of pudendal nerve roots S2,S3,S4

124
Q

what are the 3 paired muscles within the levator ani?

A
  • puborectalis
  • pubococcygeus
  • iliococcygeus
125
Q

where do the muscles of the levator ani attach:
* anteriorly?
* laterally?
* posteriorly?

A
  • anteriorly = pubic bodies of pelvic bones
  • laterally = tendinous arch
  • posteriorly = ischial spines of pelvic bones
126
Q

describe the innervation of the obturator internus

A

nerve to obturator internus
L5
S1

127
Q

describe the innervation of the piriformis

A

branches from:
S1
S2

128
Q

label this diagram

A
129
Q

what is the main function of the puborectalis?

A

maintain fecal continence during defacation

130
Q

what do pre-rectal fibres form?

A

U-shaped sling around urethra (+ vagina) to maintain continence during rises in intra-abdominal pressure

131
Q

what is the coccygeus innervated by?

A

anterior rami of S4 + S5

132
Q

how is the perineum separated from the pelvic cavity?

A

superiorly by the pelvic floor

133
Q

describe the following parts of the bony boundary surounding the perineum:
* anterior
* anterolateral
* lateral
* posterolateral
* posterior

A
  • anterior = pubic symphasis
  • anterolateral = ischiopubic rami
  • lateral = ischial tuberosities
  • posterolateral = sacrotuberous ligaments
  • posterior = coccyx
134
Q

label the muscles in the superficial perineal pouch

A
135
Q

label this diagram of the deep perineal pouch

A
136
Q

episiotomy

A

surgical cut to perineum

137
Q

surgical cut to perineum

A

episiotomy

138
Q

what are the two triangles within the perineum?

A

urogenital triangle
anal triangle

139
Q

what are the main components of the anal triangle?

A
  • anal aperture
  • external anal sphincter muscle
  • ischioanal fossae (x2)
140
Q

anal aperture

A

opening of the anus

141
Q

external anal sphincter

A

voluntary muscle responsible for opening and closing of anus

142
Q

ischioanal fossae

A

spaces located laterally to anus

143
Q

opening of the anus

A

anal aperture

144
Q

voluntary muscle responsible for opening and closing of anus

A

external anal sphincter

145
Q

spaces located laterally to anus

A

ischioanal fossae

146
Q

label this diagram of the anal triangle

A
147
Q

what structures are found in the superficial perineal pouch in females?

A
  • erectile structures - clitoris, bulb of vestibule
  • greater vestibular glands
  • bulbospongiosus
  • ischiocarvernosus
  • superficial transverse perineal muscle
148
Q

what does the deep perineal pouch contain in m+f?

A
  • urethra
  • external urethral sphincter
    Males
  • bulbourethral glands
  • deep transverse perineal muscle
    Females
  • compressor urethrae
  • urethrovaginal sphincter
  • smooth muscle (replaces deep transverse)
149
Q

what is the urogenital diaphragm composed of?

A

deep transverse perineal muscles
urethral sphincter

150
Q

what are the deep transverse perineal muscles innervated by?

A

pudendal nerve S2-S4

151
Q

what are the two urethral sphincters?

A

internal and external

152
Q

what are greater vestibular glands also known as?

A

bartholin glands

153
Q

what pouch are the greater vestibular glands located in?

A

superficial

154
Q

what is the function of the greater vestibular glands?

A

produce secretions during sexual arousal

155
Q

what are lesser vestibular glands also known as?

A

Skene’s glands

156
Q

what is the believed function of Skene’s glands?

A

secrete substance that lubricates urethra opening.
substance is thought to be antimicrobial

157
Q

where is the major neurovascular suppy to the perineum from?

A

pudendal nerve
internal pudendal artery

158
Q

what forms the sacral plexus?

A

L4 + L5
S1-S4

159
Q

what does the pudendal nerve arise from?

A

anterior rami of S2-S4

160
Q

describe the journey of the pudendal nerve:

A
  • descends + passes between piriformis + ischiococcygeus
  • leaves pelvis through gsf
  • crosses sacrospinous ligament
  • re-enters pelvis through lsf
  • accompanies internal pudendal artery + vein, through pudendal canal
161
Q

the pudendal nerve divides into 3 branches inside the pudendal canal. what are they?

A
  1. inferior rectal nerve
  2. perineal nerve
  3. dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris
162
Q

what is the sensory function of the pudendal nerve?

A

innervates external genitalia and skin around anus, anal canal + perineum

163
Q

what is teh motor function of the pudendal nerve?

A

innervates pelvic muscles, external urethral sphincter + external anal sphincter

164
Q

syphyseal-fundal height

A

distance between fundus + upper border of pubic symphasis

165
Q

distance between fundus + upper border of pubic symphasis

A

syphyseal-fundal height

166
Q

after how many weeks should the symphyseal-fundal height correlate with gestational age of the fetus in weeks(+/- 2cm)?

A

20 weeks

167
Q

what hormones are responsible for the stretching of the sacrospinous ligaments in pregnancy?

A

progesterone + relaxin

168
Q

puborectalis

A
  • muscle fibres arise from posterior aspect of pubic body, wrap aroung posterior aspect of anorectal junction + insert on posterior aspect of other pubic bone
  • maintains fecal continence
169
Q

pubococcygeus

A
  • arises from lateral aspect of posterior surface of pubic body
  • inserts into coccyx + anoccygeal body
170
Q

iliococcygeus

A
  • arises from ischial spine + tendinous arch of levator ani
  • blends with fibres of anoccygeal body
171
Q

coccygeus

A
  • arises from lateral border of sacrum + coccyx
  • fibres cross on deep surface of sacrospinous ligament
  • insert into ischial spine
172
Q

where does the round ligament terminate?

A

labium minus

173
Q

where do the ducts of the greater and lesser vestibular glands open into?

A

vestibule of the vagina

174
Q

what does the inferior rectal nerve supply?

A
  • external anal sphincter
  • mucous membrane of lower hald of anal canal
  • perianal skin
175
Q

what does the perineal nerve supply?

A
  • muscles of urogenital diaphragm
  • skin on posterior surface of labia majora
176
Q

At what period of gestation (in weeks) would the obstetrician be able to palpate the fundus at the level of the symphasis pubis?

A

12

177
Q

At what period of gestation (in weeks) would the obstetrician be able to palpate the fundus at the level of the xiphisternum?

A

36

178
Q

‘Pelvis’ is the short name commonly used to refer to what two sections?

A

Bony pelvis
Pelvic Cavity

179
Q

What does the bony pelvis consist of?

A
  • sacrum
  • two hip bones
180
Q

pelvic cavity?

A

Deep hollow space enclosed by sacrum, lower parts of hip bones + ligaments + muscles

181
Q

What is the pelvic cavity continuous with?

A

Abdominal cavity

182
Q

sacral promontory

A

most anterior part of the sacrum

add diagram

183
Q

ala

A

wing of the sacrum

add diagram

184
Q

What is the hip bone also known as?

A

Innominate bone

185
Q

How does the hip bone develop?

A

Fusion of 3 different bones

186
Q

What 3 bones fuse together to form the hipbone?

Draw them

A
  • ischium
  • pubis
  • ilium

add diagram

187
Q

Broad expanse of bone that fans out above the body?

A

Ala/wing

188
Q

Thick lower part of ilium?

A

Body

189
Q

Concavity on inner surface of the ala?

A

iliac fossa

190
Q

Sacroiliac joint

A

Between auricular surface and sacrum

191
Q

Broad, roughened edge of the ala of the ilium?

A

iliac crest

192
Q

Where does the iliac crest end at the posterior?

A

at the posterior superior iliac spine

193
Q

Where does the iliac creat end at the anterior?

A

anterior superior iliac spine

194
Q

3 main parts of pubis

A
  • superior pubic ramus
  • body
  • ischiopubic ramus
195
Q

What are the two hipbones held together by?

A

Pubic symphysis - cartilaginous joint

196
Q

Narrowing which forms the open end of the pelvic cavity?

A

Pelvic brim

197
Q

What is the pelvic brim formed from on either side?

A
  • pubic symphysis (anterior)
  • promontory of sacrum (posterior)
  • ala of the sacrum
  • arcuate line
  • superior ramus of pubis
198
Q

What bones contribute to walls of pelvic cavity?

A
  • sacrum
  • coccyx
  • lower parts of hip bone
199
Q

in the upright position, what is the upper part of the sacrum angled at?

A

30 degrees to horizontal

200
Q

sciatic notch

A

gap between sacrum and hip bone

201
Q

Acetabulum

A

socket of the hip joint

202
Q

obturator foramen

A

large hole in lower part of hip bone

203
Q

Differences in shape between male and female pelvis:

A
  • F - pelvic cavity is wider from side to side
  • F - deep from anterior to posterior
  • F- angle of pubic arch is broader
  • F - inferior pelvic aperture is wider in all directions
204
Q

What ligaments is the sacroiliac joint strengthened by?

A
  • anterior sacro-iliac ligament
  • posterior sacro-iliac ligament
205
Q

What two major ligaments pass from sacrum to ischium?

A

sacrotuberous
sacrospinous

206
Q

location of sacrotuberous ligament

A
  • back of the sacrum
  • passes laterally, downward and slightly forward
  • inserted on ischial tuberosity
207
Q

location of sacro-spinous ligament

A
  • in front and medial to sacrotuberous ligament
  • starts on edge of sacrum
  • ends on ischial spine
208
Q

the sacrotuberous ligament + the sacro-spinous ligament create what two openings?

A

greater sciatic foramen
lesser sciatic foramen

209
Q

label this diagram:

A
210
Q

label this diagram of the blood supply to the pelvis

A
211
Q

label this diagram of the pelvis

A
212
Q

label this diagram

A
213
Q

label this diagram

A
214
Q

label this diagram

A
215
Q

label this diagram of the pelvic inlet boundary

A

red = sacral promontory
light green = sacral ala
blue = arcuate line
pink = pectineal line
dark green = pubic crest
yellow = symphasis pubis

216
Q

label this diagram of the pelvic outlet bony boundaries

A

red = pubic arch
green = ischial tuberosities
blue = coccyx

217
Q

label this diagram of the hipbone

A
  1. ilium
  2. ischium
  3. pubis

green = acetabulum
red = triradiate cartilage (separates parts prior to puberty)

218
Q

what separates the bones of the hip bone prior to puberty?

A

triradiate cartilage

219
Q

On the ilium identify
* ala
* iliac crest
* iliac fossa
* anterior superior iliac spine
* posterior superior iliac spine
* anterior inferior iliac spine
* posterior inferior iliac spine
* iliac tubercle

A

green dot = iliac tubercle

220
Q

On the ischium identify
* body
* ischial ramus - superior + inferior
* ischial spine
* ischial tuberosity

A
221
Q

On the pubis identify
* body
* superior pubic ramus
* inferior pubic ramus
* pubic crest
* pubic tubercle
* pectin pubis (pectineal line)
* obturator foramen

A

red = pubic tubercle
green = pubic crest
blue line = pectin pubis/pectineal line

222
Q

On the sacrum identify:
* ala
* sacral promontory
* sacral canal
* anterior sacral foramen

A

green = ala
purple = sacral promontory
red = sacral canal
yellow = anterior sacral foramina

223
Q

On the sacrum identify:
* sacral hiatus
* posterior sacral foramina

A

purple = sacral hiatus
dark blue = posterior sacral foramina

224
Q

Describe the position of the fundus when empty

A

Points posteriorly

225
Q

Define an anteverted uterus:

A
  • top part of your uterus is aimed at your pubic bone
  • cervix is aimed towards your rectum
  • sits on top and slightly behind the bladder and in front of your rectum
226
Q

Define an antiflexed uterus:

A
  • relative to the location of the fundus
  • where the fundus tilts forward
227
Q

label this diagram

A
228
Q

the internal iliac artery is a branch of what?

A

the common iliac

229
Q

the common iliac arises from what?

A

the bifurcation of the aorta

bifurcation = division of something into two parts

230
Q

label this diagram

A
231
Q

label the major branches of the internal iliac artery

A
232
Q

what does the internal iliac artery divide into?

A

the anterior and posterior trunks

233
Q

what arteries branch off of the anterior trunk to supply the pelvic organs, perineum, and the gluteal + adductor regions of the lower limb?
what additional ones are there in females?

A
  • obturator artery
  • umbilical artery
  • inferior vesical artery
  • middle rectal artery
  • internal pudendal artery
  • inferor gluteal artery
  • *vaginal artery
  • uterine artery*
234
Q

what do branches of the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery supply?

A

pelvic organs
perineum
gluteal + adductor regions of lower limb

235
Q

what trunk of the internal iliac artery supplies the pelvic organs, perineum, and the gluteal + adductor regions of the lower limbs?

A

the anterior trunk

236
Q

obturator artery

A
  • travels through obturator canal
  • supplies muscles of thigh’s adductor region
237
Q

what travels through the obturator canal?

A

obturator artery, obturator nerve and obturator vein

238
Q

umbilical artery

in utero?

A
  • gives rise to superior vesical artery
  • in utero - transports deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta
239
Q

superior vesical artery

A

arises from umbilical artery
supplies superior aspect of urinary bladder

240
Q

inferior vesical artery

in males?

A

supplies lower aspect of bladder

in males - supplies prostate gland and seminal vesicales additionally

241
Q

vaginal artery

A

descends into vagina
supplies additional branches to inferior bladder and rectum

242
Q

uterine artery

A
  • travels within cardinal ligament to reach cervix
  • ascends along lateral part of uterus
  • at uterus = anastomoses with ovarian artery
243
Q

middle rectal artery

A

supplies distal part of rectum

244
Q

internal pudendal artery
where does it enter and exit the pelvis?
what is it responsible fore?

A

exits pelvis via greater sciatic foramen
enters perineum via lesser sciatic foramen
responsible for blood supply to perineum

245
Q

inferior gluteal artery

A

terminal branch of anterior trunk
leaves pelvic cavity through gsf + emerges inferiorly to piriformis.
contributes blood supply of gluteal muscles and hip joints.

246
Q
  • travels through obturator canal
  • supplies muscles of thigh’s adductor region
A

obturator artery

247
Q
  • gives rise to superior vesical artery
  • in utero - transports deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta
A

umbilical artery

in utero?

248
Q

arises from umbilical artery
supplies superior aspect of urinary bladder

A

superior vesical artery

249
Q

supplies lower aspect of bladder

in males - supplies prostate gland and seminal vesicales additionally

A

inferior vesical artery

in males?

250
Q

descends into vagina
supplies additional branches to inferior bladder and rectum

A

vaginal artery

251
Q
  • travels within cardinal ligament to reach cervix
  • ascends along lateral part of uterus
  • at uterus = anastomoses with ovarian artery
A

uterine artery

252
Q

supplies distal part of rectum

A

middle rectal artery

253
Q

exits pelvis via greater sciatic foramen
enters perineum via lesser sciatic foramen
responsible for blood supply to perineum

A

internal pudendal artery

254
Q

terminal branch of anterior trunk
leaves pelvic cavity through gsf + emerges inferiorly to piriformis.
contributes blood supply of gluteal muscles and hip joints.

A

inferior gluteal artery

255
Q

the arteries arising from the posterior trunk of the internal iliac artery supply what region?

A

lower posterior abdominal wall, posterior pelvic wall + gluteal region

256
Q

what are the three typical branches of the posterior trunk of hte internal iliac artery?

A

iliolumbar
lateral sacral (anterior + inferior)
superior gluteal

257
Q

iliolumbar artery

A

ascends to exit lesser pelvis
divides into lumbar and iliac branch

258
Q

iliac branch of iliolumbar artery

A

supplies muscles and bone around iliac fossa

259
Q

lumbar branch of iliolumbar artery

A

supplies psoas major, quadratus lumborum + posterior abdominal wall

260
Q

lateral sacral arteries

A

travel infero-medially along posterior pelvic wall
supply structures in the sacral canal, and the skin and muscle posterior to the sacrum

261
Q

superior gluteal artery

A

terminal branch of posterior trunk
exits pelvic cavity via gsf + enters gluteal region superiorly to piriformis
major blood supply to muscles + skin of gluteal region.

262
Q

ascends to exit lesser pelvis
divides into lumbar and iliac branch

A

iliolumbar artery

263
Q

supplies muscles and bone around iliac fossa

A

iliac branch of iliolumbar artery

264
Q

supplies psoas major, quadratus lumborum + posterior abdominal wall

A

lumbar branch of iliolumbar artery

265
Q

travel infero-medially along posterior pelvic wall
supply structures in the sacral canal, and the skin and muscle posterior to the sacrum

A

lateral sacral arteries

266
Q

terminal branch of posterior trunk
exits pelvic cavity via gsf + enters gluteal region superiorly to piriformis
major blood supply to muscles + skin of gluteal region.

A

superior gluteal artery

267
Q

highest part of the uterus

A

fundus

268
Q

what are the fundus and the body of the uterus covered with?

A

peritoneum

269
Q

recto-uterine pouch/ pouch of Douglas

A

lowest point in peritoneal cavity

270
Q

vesico-uterine pouch

A

recess where peritoneum sweeps forward to cover the bladder

271
Q

vaginal fornix

A

recess around the cervix, between it and the vaginal wall

272
Q

ostium

A

at the center of the cervix

273
Q

what is the uterine tube divided into?

A
  • isthmus
  • ampulla
  • infundibulum
274
Q

what does the uterine tube open into?

A

peritoneal cavity

275
Q

fimbriae

A

delicate mucosal fronds that surround the opening of the uterine tube

276
Q

abdominal ostium

A

opening of the uterine tube

277
Q

how is the uterine tube attached to the broad ligament?

A

mesosalpinx - double fold of peritoneum

278
Q

mesovarium

A

peritoneal fold which attaches the ovary to the broad ligament

279
Q

ligament ovary/proper ligament

A

attaches the medial pole of the ovary to the uterus

280
Q

what protects and conceals the female genital and urinary openings?

A

labia majora

281
Q

labia minora

A

two smaller folds between the labia majora

282
Q

external urethral meatues

A

the point at which the urethra opens into the vestuble

283
Q

bulbo-spongiosus muscle

A

thin, almost tubular, sheet of muscle within the labia minora

284
Q

what do the most posterior fibers of the bulbo-spongiosus muscle meet with?

A

anterior fibers of the external anal sphincter muscles

285
Q

perineal body

A

meeting point of muscles between the posterior fibres of the bulbo-spongiosus and the anterior fibres of the external anal sphincter muscle

286
Q

what do the bulbo-spongiosus muscles surround?

A

bulb of the vestibule

287
Q

what does the clitoris consist of?

A

two crura - unite to form the body

288
Q

what is the body and the crura of the clitoris formed from?

A

erectile tissue

289
Q

what is the crura of the clitoris attached to?

A

undersides of the ischiopubic rami

290
Q

where does the body of the clitoris end?

A

the glans- just anterior to the point where the labia minora come together

291
Q

rugae

A

numerous small transverse folds which mark the lining of the vagina

292
Q

what is the upper end of the vagina closed off by?

A

the cervix of the uterus which projects down into it

293
Q

label the:
* mesovarium
* suspensory ligament
* uteroscral ligament
* broad ligament
* ligament of the ovary

A
294
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the broad ligament?

A

mesometrium
mesovarium
mesosalpinx

295
Q

label the subdivisions of the broad ligament

A

mesovariam is a peritoneal fold that attaches ovaries to back of broad ligament

296
Q

broad ligament

A

double layer of peritoneum
attahces sides of uterus to pelvis
maintains position of uterus

297
Q

round ligament

A

extends from uterine horns to labia majora via inguinal canal
maintains anteverted position of uterus

298
Q

ovarian ligament

A

joins ovaries to uterus

299
Q

cardinal ligament
- located?
- contents?
- role?

A

located at base of broad ligament
extends from cervix to lateral pelvic walls
contains uterine artery and vein
provides support to uterus

300
Q

uterosacral ligament

A

extends from cervix to sacrum
provides support to uterus

301
Q

label this diagram

A
302
Q

label the ligaments

A
303
Q

how is a gynaecoid pelvis different to a android pelvis?

A
  • wider + broader
  • lighter in weight
  • oval-shaped inlet (android is heart-shaped)
  • ischial spines less prominent - greater bispinous diameter
  • wider pubic arch
  • shorter + more curved sacrum
  • less pronounces sacral promontory
304
Q

label the diagram

A

Med School Year 3 (4 decks)

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