Pelvis & Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
what are the testes contained within?
A
the scrotum
2
Q
what muscle lies underneath the skin of the scrotum?
A
dartos
3
Q
what does the spermatic cord enter?
A
inguinal canal
4
Q
spermatic fascia
A
thick layer of connective tissue that surrounds the testes
5
Q
tunica vaginalis
A
inner membranous envelope underneath the spermatic fascia
6
Q
what does the tunica vaginalis create around the testes?
A
fluid filled envelope
7
Q
through what do spermatozoa pass through to reach the ductus deferens?
A
epididymis
8
Q
tunica albuginea
A
tough fibrous coat that surrounds the testes
9
Q
where are spermatazoa formed?
A
in the seminiferous tubules within the testes
10
Q
where do the seminiferous tubules converge?
A
mediastinum of the testes - fibrous area
11
Q
what do the mediastinum of the testes join?
A
rete testis - network of tubules
12
Q
what emerge from the rete testis?
A
4-12 efferent ducts/vasa efferentia
13
Q
what are the 3 parts of the epididymis?
A
head
body
tail
14
Q
in the head of the epididymis, what do the efferent ducts unite to form?
A
the duct of the epididymis
15
Q
what makes up the bulk of the epididymis?
A
the duct of the epididymis
16
Q
what does the tail of the epididymis become continuous with?
A
the ductus deferens - passes up to enter the spermatic cord
17
Q
label this diagram of the testes
A
18
Q
what does the spermatic cord contain?
A
the testicular blood vessels
ductus deferens
19
Q
pampiniform plexus
A
arrangment of veins that drain the testis
surrounds the testicular artery
20
Q
what is the ductus deferens made of?
A
thick wall of smooth muscle
21
Q
what does the ductus deferens widen out to form?
A
the ampulla of the ductus deferens - superior to prostate - where spermatozoa are stored
22
Q
what is lateral to the ampulla of the ductus deferens?
A
the seminal vesicles
23
Q
what do the seminal vesicles form?
A
nutrient liquid that forms most of the volume of the seminal fluid
24
Q
the walls of the ampulla and the seminal vesicle are formed largely of what>
A
smooth muscle
25
when the smooth muscle of the seminal vesicles and ampulal contract, what happens?
the contents of both pass together into ejaculatory duct
26
where do the ejaculatory ducts open into?
the urethra - on either side of the colliculus
27
label this diagram
28
what are the main erectile bodies of the penis?
the corpus cavernosum
29
tunica albuginea
strong layer of fibrous tissue that contain the corpus cavernosum
30
what separates the two corpus cavernosum?
an incomplete septum
31
what is within the tunica albuginea?
a continuous space intersected by an open network of fibromuscular tissue - filled with blood (less = flaccid, more = erect)
32
what runs underneath the corpus cavernosum?
the corpus spongiosum
33
what is contained within the corpus spongiosum?
the urethra
34
what changes happen within the tissues of the penis during erection?
corpus cavernosum - hard
corpus spongiosum - remain soft
35
label this cross section of the penis
36
where does the penis pass through?
top of scrotum between two spermatic cords
37
what loosely suspends the penis?
suspensory ligaments
38
triangular ligament of penis
firmly attaches the penis to the sloping underside of the pubic symphasis
39
what forms the bulb of the penis?
the corpus spongiosum
40
what forms the crura of the penis?
the corpus cavernosum
41
label this diagram
42
what provides the propulsive force for ejaculation?
bulbospongiosus muscle
43
label the superficial perineal pouch in males
44
what are the 4 parts of the urethra in males?
* prostatic urethra
* membranous urether
* bulbar urethra
* penile urethra
45
what is the memranous urethra surrounded by?
sleeve of striated muscle - external urethral sphincter (voluntary control)
46
label the male urethra
47
the suspensory ligament of hte penis is a condensation of what?
deep fascia
48
the fundiform ligaments of the penisare a condenstion of what?
abdominal subcutaneous tissue
49
what fascial coverings are found in the penis?
1. external fascia of Colles
2. Buck's fascia
3. tunica albuginea
50
what arteries supply the penis?
* dorsal arteries
* deep arteries
* bulbourethral artery
| all branches of internal pudenal artery
51
where does the internal pudendal artery arise from?
anterior division of internal iliac artery
52
what veins drain the penis?
* deep dorsal vein - cavernous spaces into prostatic venous plexus
* superficial dorsal veins - skin and cutaneous tissue
53
label this diagram of the arterial supply of the penis:
54
describe the innervation of the penis:
* S2-S4
* dorsal nerve - sensory + sympathetic innervation to skin + glans
* cavernous nerves - parasympathetic changes that cause erections
55
what are teh seminiferous tubules supported by?
interstitial tissue
56
what does interstitial tissue contain?
Leydig cells
57
what are the seminiferous tubules lined by?
Sertoli cells
58
what is the head of the epididymis formed by?
efferent tubules of testes
59
where do developing sperm collect?
rete testis
60
what suspends the testes from the abdomen?
spermatic cord
61
describe the innervation of the testes:
* testicular plexus
62
describe the vascular supply of the testes:
* paired testicular arteries
* cremasteric artery
* artery of vans deferens
63
describe the venous drainage of the testes:
paired testicular veins - formed from pampiniform plexus
* left - drains into left renal vein
* right - drains into inferior vena cava
64
where does the left testicular vein drain into?
left renal vein
65
where does the right testicular vein drain into?
inferior vena cava
66
describe the lymphatic drainage of teh testes:
lumbar and para-aortic nodes
67
what is special about the vessels, nerves and lymph drainage of the testes, for example compared to the scrotum?
all vessels, nerves and lymph drainage are carried with the testes from the abdomen during development.
scrotum - comes from surrounding tissues
68
embyologically, where is the scrotum derived from?
paired genital swellings
69
paired genital swelling during development fuses in the midline of the testes. what is this known as?
scrotal raphe
70
how does the dartos muscle regulate temperature of the testes?
* wrinkles the skin
* decreases surface area
* reduces heat loss
71
describe the arterial supply of the scrotum:
* anterior scrotal artery
* posterior scrotal artery
72
describe the innervation of the scrotum:
* anterior scrotal nerves - anterior and anterolateral aspect
* posterior scrotal nerves
73
describe the lymphatics of the scrotum:
drains into superficial inguinal nodes
74
where does the spermatic cord begin and end?
inferior abdomen
ends in scrotum
75
what fascial coverings are found in the spermatic cord?
* external spermatic fascia
* cremaster muscle + fascia
* internal spermatic fasica
76
where is teh external spermatic fascia derived from?
deep subcutaneous fascia
77
where is the cremaster muscle + fascia derived from?
internal oblique muscle
78
where is the internal spermatic fascia derived from?
transversalis fascia
79
what basic structures does the spermatic cord contain?
* blood vessels
* nerves
* vas deferens
* processus vaginalis
* lymph vessels
80
what blood vessels does the spermatic cord contain?
* testicular artery
* cremasteric artery + vein
* artery to vas deferens
* pampiniform plexus
81
pampiniform plexus
network of veins responsible for venous drainage of testes that wraps aorund the testicular artery
82
what is the function of the pampiniform plexus?
acts as a heat exhanger
cools arterial blood before it reaches teh testes
83
what does the vas deferens join with to form the ejaculatory duct?
seminal vesicle
84
what is the largest accessory gland in the male reproductive system?
prostate gland
85
what is the function of the prostate?
secretes proteolytic enzymes into semen
helps breakdown clotting factors in ejaculate - allows semen to retain fluid state
86
histologically, the prostate is divided into what 3 zones?
* central
* transitional
* peripheral
87
describe the arterial and venous supply of the prostate
* prostatic artery
* prostatic venous plexus
88
describe the innervation of the prostate
* inferoir hyogastric plexus
89
what are bulbourethral glands also known as?
cowper's glands
90
what do the bulbourethral glands produce?
lubricating alkaline mucous during sexual arousal that contains glycoproteins
91
describe the vasculature of the bulbourethral glands
arteries to bulb of the penis
92
describe the innervation of the bulbourethral glands
* hypogastric nerve
* pelvic nerve
* pelvic branch of pudendal nerve
93
describe the lymphatics of the bulbourethral glands?
internal and external iliac lymph nodes
94
what provides 70% of total volume of semen?
seminal vesicles
95
where are the seminal vesicles located?
between the bladder fundus and the rectum
96
describe the internal structure of the seminal vesicles
lobulated with mucosa lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
97
what structures in the male reproductive system are derived from the mesonephric ducts?
* seminal vesicles
* ejaculatory ducts
* epididymis
* ductus deferens
| SEED
98
the seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, epididymis and ductus deferens are all derived from what?
mesonephric ducts
99
describe the vasculature of seminal vesicles:
* inferior vesicle
* internal pudenal
* middle rectal
| all branches of internal iliac
100
describe the innervation of erections vs ejaculation
erections - parasympathetic (point)
ejaculation - sympathetic (shoot)
101
describe the lymphatic drainage of the seminal vesicles
external and internal iliac lymph nodes
102
what arteries supply the penis?
* dorsal arteries
* deep arteries
* bulbourethral artery
| all branches of internal pudenal artery
103
label this diagram of the clitoris
104
label this diagram of the external vagina
105
label this diagram showing parasympathetic innervation
106
label this diagram
107
label this diagram
108
label this diagram
109
label this diagram of the pudendal nerve
110
label this diagram
111
what makes up the anterior wall of the pelvis?
* symphasis pubis
* pubic body
* pubic rami
112
what makes up the posterior wall of the pelvis?
* sacrum
* coccyx
* piriformis muscle
113
what makes up the lateral wall of the pelvis?
* os coxa
* sacrospinous + sacrotuberous ligaments
* obturator membrane
* obturator canal
* obturater internus muscle
114
label this diagram of the pelvic floor
115
urogenital hiatus
anteriorly situated gap
allwos passage of urethra + vagina
116
rectal hiatus
centrally positioned gap
allows passage of anal canal
117
perineal body
fibrous node between urogential hiatus and anal hiatus
joins pelvic floor to perineum
118
anteriorly situated gap
allwos passage of urethra + vagina
urogenital hiatus
119
centrally positioned gap
allows passage of anal canal
rectal hiatus
120
fibrous node between urogential hiatus and anal hiatus
joins pelvic floor to perineum
perineal body
121
what are the 3 main functions of the pelvic floor?
* support abdominopelvic viscera through their tonic contraction
* resistance to increases in intra-abdominal pressure during coughing/lifting heavy objects
* urinary + fecal continence through sphincter action of muscle on rectum + urethra
122
abdominopelvic viscera
consists of:
* bladder
* intestines
* uterus
* etc
123
what are the levator ani innervated by?
anterior ramus of S4
branches of pudendal nerve roots S2,S3,S4
124
what are the 3 paired muscles within the levator ani?
* puborectalis
* pubococcygeus
* iliococcygeus
125
where do the muscles of the levator ani attach:
* anteriorly?
* laterally?
* posteriorly?
* anteriorly = pubic bodies of pelvic bones
* laterally = tendinous arch
* posteriorly = ischial spines of pelvic bones
126
describe the innervation of the obturator internus
nerve to obturator internus
L5
S1
127
describe the innervation of the piriformis
branches from:
S1
S2
128
label this diagram
129
what is the main function of the puborectalis?
maintain fecal continence during defacation
130
what do pre-rectal fibres form?
U-shaped sling around urethra (+ vagina) to maintain continence during rises in intra-abdominal pressure
131
what is the coccygeus innervated by?
anterior rami of S4 + S5
132
how is the perineum separated from the pelvic cavity?
superiorly by the pelvic floor
133
describe the following parts of the bony boundary surounding the perineum:
* anterior
* anterolateral
* lateral
* posterolateral
* posterior
* anterior = pubic symphasis
* anterolateral = ischiopubic rami
* lateral = ischial tuberosities
* posterolateral = sacrotuberous ligaments
* posterior = coccyx
134
label the muscles in the superficial perineal pouch
135
label this diagram of the deep perineal pouch
136
episiotomy
surgical cut to perineum
137
surgical cut to perineum
episiotomy
138
what are the two triangles within the perineum?
urogenital triangle
anal triangle
139
what are the main components of the anal triangle?
* anal aperture
* external anal sphincter muscle
* ischioanal fossae (x2)
140
anal aperture
opening of the anus
141
external anal sphincter
voluntary muscle responsible for opening and closing of anus
142
ischioanal fossae
spaces located laterally to anus
143
opening of the anus
anal aperture
144
voluntary muscle responsible for opening and closing of anus
external anal sphincter
145
spaces located laterally to anus
ischioanal fossae
146
label this diagram of the anal triangle
147
what structures are found in the superficial perineal pouch in females?
* erectile structures - clitoris, bulb of vestibule
* greater vestibular glands
* bulbospongiosus
* ischiocarvernosus
* superficial transverse perineal muscle
148
what does the deep perineal pouch contain in m+f?
* urethra
* external urethral sphincter
Males
* bulbourethral glands
* deep transverse perineal muscle
Females
* compressor urethrae
* urethrovaginal sphincter
* smooth muscle (replaces deep transverse)
149
what is the urogenital diaphragm composed of?
deep transverse perineal muscles
urethral sphincter
150
what are the deep transverse perineal muscles innervated by?
pudendal nerve S2-S4
151
what are the two urethral sphincters?
internal and external
152
what are greater vestibular glands also known as?
bartholin glands
153
what pouch are the greater vestibular glands located in?
superficial
154
what is the function of the greater vestibular glands?
produce secretions during sexual arousal
155
what are lesser vestibular glands also known as?
Skene's glands
156
what is the believed function of Skene's glands?
secrete substance that lubricates urethra opening.
substance is thought to be antimicrobial
157
where is the major neurovascular suppy to the perineum from?
pudendal nerve
internal pudendal artery
158
what forms the sacral plexus?
L4 + L5
S1-S4
159
what does the pudendal nerve arise from?
anterior rami of S2-S4
160
describe the journey of the pudendal nerve:
* descends + passes between piriformis + ischiococcygeus
* leaves pelvis through gsf
* crosses sacrospinous ligament
* re-enters pelvis through lsf
* accompanies internal pudendal artery + vein, through pudendal canal
161
the pudendal nerve divides into 3 branches inside the pudendal canal. what are they?
1. inferior rectal nerve
2. perineal nerve
3. dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris
162
what is the sensory function of the pudendal nerve?
innervates external genitalia and skin around anus, anal canal + perineum
163
what is teh motor function of the pudendal nerve?
innervates pelvic muscles, external urethral sphincter + external anal sphincter
164
syphyseal-fundal height
distance between fundus + upper border of pubic symphasis
165
distance between fundus + upper border of pubic symphasis
syphyseal-fundal height
166
after how many weeks should the symphyseal-fundal height correlate with gestational age of the fetus in weeks(+/- 2cm)?
20 weeks
167
what hormones are responsible for the stretching of the sacrospinous ligaments in pregnancy?
progesterone + relaxin
168
puborectalis
* muscle fibres arise from posterior aspect of pubic body, wrap aroung posterior aspect of anorectal junction + insert on posterior aspect of other pubic bone
* maintains fecal continence
169
pubococcygeus
* arises from lateral aspect of posterior surface of pubic body
* inserts into coccyx + anoccygeal body
170
iliococcygeus
* arises from ischial spine + tendinous arch of levator ani
* blends with fibres of anoccygeal body
171
coccygeus
* arises from lateral border of sacrum + coccyx
* fibres cross on deep surface of sacrospinous ligament
* insert into ischial spine
172
where does the round ligament terminate?
labium minus
173
where do the ducts of the greater and lesser vestibular glands open into?
vestibule of the vagina
174
what does the inferior rectal nerve supply?
* external anal sphincter
* mucous membrane of lower hald of anal canal
* perianal skin
175
what does the perineal nerve supply?
* muscles of urogenital diaphragm
* skin on posterior surface of labia majora
176
At what period of gestation (in weeks) would the obstetrician be able to palpate the fundus at the level of the symphasis pubis?
12
177
At what period of gestation (in weeks) would the obstetrician be able to palpate the fundus at the level of the xiphisternum?
36
178
'Pelvis' is the short name commonly used to refer to what two sections?
Bony pelvis
Pelvic Cavity
179
What does the bony pelvis consist of?
* sacrum
* two hip bones
180
pelvic cavity?
Deep hollow space enclosed by sacrum, lower parts of hip bones + ligaments + muscles
181
What is the pelvic cavity continuous with?
Abdominal cavity
182
sacral promontory
most anterior part of the sacrum
| add diagram
183
ala
wing of the sacrum
| add diagram
184
What is the hip bone also known as?
Innominate bone
185
How does the hip bone develop?
Fusion of 3 different bones
186
What 3 bones fuse together to form the hipbone?
| Draw them
* ischium
* pubis
* ilium
| add diagram
187
Broad expanse of bone that fans out above the body?
Ala/wing
188
Thick lower part of ilium?
Body
189
Concavity on inner surface of the ala?
iliac fossa
190
Sacroiliac joint
Between auricular surface and sacrum
191
Broad, roughened edge of the ala of the ilium?
iliac crest
192
Where does the iliac crest end at the posterior?
at the posterior superior iliac spine
193
Where does the iliac creat end at the anterior?
anterior superior iliac spine
194
3 main parts of pubis
* superior pubic ramus
* body
* ischiopubic ramus
195
What are the two hipbones held together by?
Pubic symphysis - cartilaginous joint
196
Narrowing which forms the open end of the pelvic cavity?
Pelvic brim
197
What is the pelvic brim formed from on either side?
* pubic symphysis (anterior)
* promontory of sacrum (posterior)
* ala of the sacrum
* arcuate line
* superior ramus of pubis
198
What bones contribute to walls of pelvic cavity?
* sacrum
* coccyx
* lower parts of hip bone
199
in the upright position, what is the upper part of the sacrum angled at?
30 degrees to horizontal
200
sciatic notch
gap between sacrum and hip bone
201
Acetabulum
socket of the hip joint
202
obturator foramen
large hole in lower part of hip bone
203
Differences in shape between male and female pelvis:
* F - pelvic cavity is wider from side to side
* F - deep from anterior to posterior
* F- angle of pubic arch is broader
* F - inferior pelvic aperture is wider in all directions
204
What ligaments is the sacroiliac joint strengthened by?
* anterior sacro-iliac ligament
* posterior sacro-iliac ligament
205
What two major ligaments pass from sacrum to ischium?
sacrotuberous
sacrospinous
206
location of sacrotuberous ligament
* back of the sacrum
* passes laterally, downward and slightly forward
* inserted on ischial tuberosity
207
location of sacro-spinous ligament
* in front and medial to sacrotuberous ligament
* starts on edge of sacrum
* ends on ischial spine
208
the sacrotuberous ligament + the sacro-spinous ligament create what two openings?
greater sciatic foramen
lesser sciatic foramen
209
label this diagram:
210
label this diagram of the blood supply to the pelvis
211
label this diagram of the pelvis
212
label this diagram
213
label this diagram
214
label this diagram
215
label this diagram of the pelvic inlet boundary
red = sacral promontory
light green = sacral ala
blue = arcuate line
pink = pectineal line
dark green = pubic crest
yellow = symphasis pubis
216
label this diagram of the pelvic outlet bony boundaries
red = pubic arch
green = ischial tuberosities
blue = coccyx
217
label this diagram of the hipbone
1. ilium
2. ischium
3. pubis
green = acetabulum
red = triradiate cartilage (separates parts prior to puberty)
218
what separates the bones of the hip bone prior to puberty?
triradiate cartilage
219
On the ilium identify
* ala
* iliac crest
* iliac fossa
* anterior superior iliac spine
* posterior superior iliac spine
* anterior inferior iliac spine
* posterior inferior iliac spine
* iliac tubercle
green dot = iliac tubercle
220
On the ischium identify
* body
* ischial ramus - superior + inferior
* ischial spine
* ischial tuberosity
221
On the pubis identify
* body
* superior pubic ramus
* inferior pubic ramus
* pubic crest
* pubic tubercle
* pectin pubis (pectineal line)
* obturator foramen
red = pubic tubercle
green = pubic crest
blue line = pectin pubis/pectineal line
222
On the sacrum identify:
* ala
* sacral promontory
* sacral canal
* anterior sacral foramen
green = ala
purple = sacral promontory
red = sacral canal
yellow = anterior sacral foramina
223
On the sacrum identify:
* sacral hiatus
* posterior sacral foramina
purple = sacral hiatus
dark blue = posterior sacral foramina
224
Describe the position of the fundus when empty
Points posteriorly
225
Define an anteverted uterus:
* top part of your uterus is aimed at your pubic bone
* cervix is aimed towards your rectum
* sits on top and slightly behind the bladder and in front of your rectum
226
Define an antiflexed uterus:
* relative to the location of the fundus
* where the fundus tilts forward
227
label this diagram
228
the internal iliac artery is a branch of what?
the common iliac
229
the common iliac arises from what?
the bifurcation of the aorta
| bifurcation = division of something into two parts
230
label this diagram
231
label the major branches of the internal iliac artery
232
what does the internal iliac artery divide into?
the anterior and posterior trunks
233
what arteries branch off of the anterior trunk to supply the pelvic organs, perineum, and the gluteal + adductor regions of the lower limb?
*what additional ones are there in females?*
* obturator artery
* umbilical artery
* inferior vesical artery
* middle rectal artery
* internal pudendal artery
* inferor gluteal artery
* *vaginal artery
* uterine artery*
234
what do branches of the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery supply?
pelvic organs
perineum
gluteal + adductor regions of lower limb
235
what trunk of the internal iliac artery supplies the pelvic organs, perineum, and the gluteal + adductor regions of the lower limbs?
the anterior trunk
236
obturator artery
* travels through obturator canal
* supplies muscles of thigh's adductor region
237
what travels through the obturator canal?
obturator artery, obturator nerve and obturator vein
238
umbilical artery
| *in utero?*
* gives rise to superior vesical artery
* *in utero - transports deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta*
239
superior vesical artery
arises from umbilical artery
supplies superior aspect of urinary bladder
240
inferior vesical artery
| *in males?*
supplies lower aspect of bladder
| *in males - supplies prostate gland and seminal vesicales additionally*
241
vaginal artery
descends into vagina
supplies additional branches to inferior bladder and rectum
242
uterine artery
* travels within cardinal ligament to reach cervix
* ascends along lateral part of uterus
* at uterus = anastomoses with ovarian artery
243
middle rectal artery
supplies distal part of rectum
244
internal pudendal artery
where does it enter and exit the pelvis?
what is it responsible fore?
exits pelvis via greater sciatic foramen
enters perineum via lesser sciatic foramen
responsible for blood supply to perineum
245
inferior gluteal artery
terminal branch of anterior trunk
leaves pelvic cavity through gsf + emerges inferiorly to piriformis.
contributes blood supply of gluteal muscles and hip joints.
246
* travels through obturator canal
* supplies muscles of thigh's adductor region
obturator artery
247
* gives rise to superior vesical artery
* *in utero - transports deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta*
umbilical artery
| *in utero?*
248
arises from umbilical artery
supplies superior aspect of urinary bladder
superior vesical artery
249
supplies lower aspect of bladder
| *in males - supplies prostate gland and seminal vesicales additionally*
inferior vesical artery
| *in males?*
250
descends into vagina
supplies additional branches to inferior bladder and rectum
vaginal artery
251
* travels within cardinal ligament to reach cervix
* ascends along lateral part of uterus
* at uterus = anastomoses with ovarian artery
uterine artery
252
supplies distal part of rectum
middle rectal artery
253
exits pelvis via greater sciatic foramen
enters perineum via lesser sciatic foramen
responsible for blood supply to perineum
internal pudendal artery
254
terminal branch of anterior trunk
leaves pelvic cavity through gsf + emerges inferiorly to piriformis.
contributes blood supply of gluteal muscles and hip joints.
inferior gluteal artery
255
the arteries arising from the posterior trunk of the internal iliac artery supply what region?
lower posterior abdominal wall, posterior pelvic wall + gluteal region
256
what are the three typical branches of the posterior trunk of hte internal iliac artery?
iliolumbar
lateral sacral (anterior + inferior)
superior gluteal
257
iliolumbar artery
ascends to exit lesser pelvis
divides into lumbar and iliac branch
258
iliac branch of iliolumbar artery
supplies muscles and bone around iliac fossa
259
lumbar branch of iliolumbar artery
supplies psoas major, quadratus lumborum + posterior abdominal wall
260
lateral sacral arteries
travel infero-medially along posterior pelvic wall
supply structures in the sacral canal, and the skin and muscle posterior to the sacrum
261
superior gluteal artery
terminal branch of posterior trunk
exits pelvic cavity via gsf + enters gluteal region superiorly to piriformis
major blood supply to muscles + skin of gluteal region.
262
ascends to exit lesser pelvis
divides into lumbar and iliac branch
iliolumbar artery
263
supplies muscles and bone around iliac fossa
iliac branch of iliolumbar artery
264
supplies psoas major, quadratus lumborum + posterior abdominal wall
lumbar branch of iliolumbar artery
265
travel infero-medially along posterior pelvic wall
supply structures in the sacral canal, and the skin and muscle posterior to the sacrum
lateral sacral arteries
266
terminal branch of posterior trunk
exits pelvic cavity via gsf + enters gluteal region superiorly to piriformis
major blood supply to muscles + skin of gluteal region.
superior gluteal artery
267
highest part of the uterus
fundus
268
what are the fundus and the body of the uterus covered with?
peritoneum
269
recto-uterine pouch/ pouch of Douglas
lowest point in peritoneal cavity
270
vesico-uterine pouch
recess where peritoneum sweeps forward to cover the bladder
271
vaginal fornix
recess around the cervix, between it and the vaginal wall
272
ostium
at the center of the cervix
273
what is the uterine tube divided into?
* isthmus
* ampulla
* infundibulum
274
what does the uterine tube open into?
peritoneal cavity
275
fimbriae
delicate mucosal fronds that surround the opening of the uterine tube
276
abdominal ostium
opening of the uterine tube
277
how is the uterine tube attached to the broad ligament?
mesosalpinx - double fold of peritoneum
278
mesovarium
peritoneal fold which attaches the ovary to the broad ligament
279
ligament ovary/proper ligament
attaches the medial pole of the ovary to the uterus
280
what protects and conceals the female genital and urinary openings?
labia majora
281
labia minora
two smaller folds between the labia majora
282
external urethral meatues
the point at which the urethra opens into the vestuble
283
bulbo-spongiosus muscle
thin, almost tubular, sheet of muscle within the labia minora
284
what do the most posterior fibers of the bulbo-spongiosus muscle meet with?
anterior fibers of the external anal sphincter muscles
285
perineal body
meeting point of muscles between the posterior fibres of the bulbo-spongiosus and the anterior fibres of the external anal sphincter muscle
286
what do the bulbo-spongiosus muscles surround?
bulb of the vestibule
287
what does the clitoris consist of?
two crura - unite to form the body
288
what is the body and the crura of the clitoris formed from?
erectile tissue
289
what is the crura of the clitoris attached to?
undersides of the ischiopubic rami
290
where does the body of the clitoris end?
the glans- just anterior to the point where the labia minora come together
291
rugae
numerous small transverse folds which mark the lining of the vagina
292
what is the upper end of the vagina closed off by?
the cervix of the uterus which projects down into it
293
label the:
* mesovarium
* suspensory ligament
* uteroscral ligament
* broad ligament
* ligament of the ovary
294
what are the 3 divisions of the broad ligament?
mesometrium
mesovarium
mesosalpinx
295
label the subdivisions of the broad ligament
## Footnote
mesovariam is a peritoneal fold that attaches ovaries to back of broad ligament
296
broad ligament
double layer of peritoneum
attahces sides of uterus to pelvis
maintains position of uterus
297
round ligament
extends from uterine horns to labia majora via inguinal canal
maintains anteverted position of uterus
298
ovarian ligament
joins ovaries to uterus
299
cardinal ligament
- located?
- contents?
- role?
located at base of broad ligament
extends from cervix to lateral pelvic walls
contains uterine artery and vein
provides support to uterus
300
uterosacral ligament
extends from cervix to sacrum
provides support to uterus
301
label this diagram
302
label the ligaments
303
how is a gynaecoid pelvis different to a android pelvis?
* wider + broader
* lighter in weight
* oval-shaped inlet (android is heart-shaped)
* ischial spines less prominent - greater bispinous diameter
* wider pubic arch
* shorter + more curved sacrum
* less pronounces sacral promontory
304
label the diagram
