Pelvis

Question 1

Borderlines of the LE

Answer 1

1. ASIS to pubic tubercle, separates LE from anterior abdominal cavity
2. ilaic crest separates LE from posterior abdominal wall
3. sacral wings separate LE from back muscles
4. distal sacrotuberous ligament separates LE from perineum

Question 2

Divisions of LE

Answer 2

gluteal region: iliac crest to gluteal fold
thigh: anterior, inguinal ligament to knee joint, posterior thigh from gluteal gold to knee, shorter than anterior
leg: knee to ankle joint
foot: distal to ankle joint

Question 3

transitional areas of the LE

Answer 3

femoral triangle: proximal thigh muscles, inguinal ligament, blood supply and femoral nerve
popliteal fossa: posterior to knee, muscles of thigh and leg, major thigh nerves and vessels
tarsal tunnel: canals of posteromedial ankle, nerves, vessels, flexor tendons

Question 4

functions of the lower limb

Answer 4

gait/locomotion
support body weight, center of gravity is anterior to S2

Question 5

gait determinants

Answer 5

pelvic rotation lengthens leg and reduces drop in CoG
knee never reaches full extension, keeps CoG in the same place
Abductors on stance leg control hip level of swing leg, allowing some drop minimizes a rise in CoG

Question 6

Entry and exit points of the lower limb

Answer 6

ingional ligament/pelvic bone gap
greater sciatic foramen
lesser sciatic foramen
obturator canal

Question 7

false pelvis

Answer 7

superior, iliac crests to pelvic inlets

Question 8

true pelvis

Answer 8

anterior to sacrum and coccyx, below pelvic inlet

Question 9

pelvic inlet

Answer 9

boundary of true pelvis delineated by the sacral promontory

Question 10

pelvic walls

Answer 10

bones: pelvic bones, sacrum, coccyx
muscule: obturator internus, piriformis
ligaments: sacrotuberous and sacrospinous

Question 11

pubic symphysis

Answer 11

anterior articulation of the pelvic bones

Question 12

differences in male and female pelvis

Answer 12

female:
-sacral promontory sticks out less
-wider sacral wings
-more circular pelvic inlet
-ischial spine doesn’t project into cavity
-pubic arch angle 80-85 degrees, index and thumb
male:
-sacral promontory sticks out
-heart shaped inlet
-ischial spines protrude in
-pubic arch angle 50-60

Question 13

pelvic wall apertures

Answer 13

greater and lesser sciatic foramens
obturator foramen

Question 14

Structures exiting the greater sciatic foramen

Answer 14

above piriformis: superior gluteal nerve and superior gluteal vessels
below piriformis: sciatic nerve, inferior gluteal nerve, posterior femoral cutaneous and quadratus femoris nerve/vessels

Question 15

Structures exiting the lesser sciatic foramen

Answer 15

pudendal nerve, internal pudendal vessels, nerve to obturator internus
the lumbrosacral plexus enters the pelvis through greater sciatic foramen and exits through the lesser sciatic foramen

Question 16

Structures exiting the obturator canal

Answer 16

obturator nerve and vessels

Question 17

nerves of the gluteal region

Answer 17

superior and inferior gluteal nerves, sciatic, pudendal, posterior femoral cutaneous, nerve to quadratus femoris

Question 18

glut max

Answer 18

origin: ilium, posterior gluteal line, dorsal sacrum/coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament
insertion: gluteal tuberosity
innervation: inferior gluteal n
action: hip extension, ER

Question 19

Glut med

Answer 19

origin: anterior/posterior gluteal lines
insertion: lateral greater trochanter
innervation: superior gluteal n
action: hip abduction, pelvic stabilization, IR

Question 20

Glut min

Answer 20

origin: inferior/anterior gluteal lines
insertion: anterior/lateral greater trochanter
innervation: inferior gluteal n
action: hip abduction, pelvic stabilization, IR

Question 21

TFL

Answer 21

origin: ASIS
insertion: IT tract
innervation: superior gluteal n
action: abduct leg, stabilize pelvis, IR

Question 22

trendelenberg sign

Answer 22

hip drop in swing leg
superior gluteal nerve injury causing weakness in hip abductors of stance leg

Question 23

piriformis

Answer 23

origin: anterior sacrum
insertion: superior border, greater trochanter
innervation: spinal nerves L5-S2
action: ER, horizontal abduction at 90

Question 24

piriformis syndrome

Answer 24

sciatic nerve anterior to piriformis, muscle tight from excess sitting or running can compress the nerve due to shortening
pain/numbness/tinglingo

Question 25

obturator internus

Answer 25

origin: inner obturator foramen
insertion: superior greater trochanter
innervation: spinal nerves L5-S2
action: ER, horizontal abduction at 90

Question 26

obturator externus

Answer 26

origin: outer surface of obturator foramen
insertion: trochanteric fossa of femur
innervation: obturator nerve
action: ER, abduct flexed hip

Question 27

superior gemellus

Answer 27

origin: ischial spine
insertion: medial greater trochanter
innervation: spinal nerves L5-S1
action: ER, abduct flexed thigh, stabilize hip in acetabulum

Question 28

inferior gemellus

Answer 28

origin: ischial tuberosity
insertion: medial greater trochanter
innervation: L5-S1
action: ER, abduct flexed hip

Question 29

quadratus femoris

Answer 29

origin: lateral ischial tuberosity
insertion: intertrochanteric crest
innervation: spinal nerves L5-S1
action: ER

Question 30

gluteal blood supply

Answer 30

superior and inferior arteries, over and under piriformis respectively through greater sciatic foramen