Pelvis Flashcards
Transrectal ultrasound guided needle biopsy (TRUS)
Ultrasound is entered through the rectum and locates the prostate. The needle is then inserted along the ultrasound probe and pierces the rectal wall to take multiple tissue samples of the prostate.
Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)
Doctors insert finger into rectum to check for enlargement of the prostate gland. Can also check mobility of lesion for rectal cancer.
PSA test
Allows for monitoring of levels of PSA in the blood and can indicate when the prostate has become enlarged and cancerous by seeing an increase in levels.
Radical orchiectomy
Done to make a diagnoses and remove the testicals with suspected cancer. Is done instead of a biopsy due to potential seeding. Testicular cancer can only be diagnosed through surgical removal.
Urethroscopy/cystoscopy
Diagnostic test to investigate the interior of the urethra and bladder. When investigating only a urethral disease cystoscopy is not necessary. Done by inserting a small camera on the end of a flexible probe.
Done to diagnose:
- Bladder cancer is considered the most important diagnostic test. A biopsy can also be done to confirm diagnoses.
- Urethral cancer
- Endometrial cancer (if invasion of other structures is suspected)
- Cervical cancer (if invasion of other structures is suspected)
Lapraotomy
Done by making an incision in the abdomen to investigate disease. Ovarian cancer can only be diagnosed through surgical laparotomy that removes the ovary or debulks the tumour.
Fractional dilation and curettage
Used to remove tissue from the uterus. Is done by a doctor dilating the cervix to insert a curette to remove the tissue from the uterus. This is the gold standard for the diagnosis of endometrial cancer.
Proctoscopy
Examination of just the rectum and anus using a long flexible probe with camera.
Done to diagnoses:
- endometrial and cervical cancers to determine extent of disease.
- anal cancer to obtain a biopsy
Colposcopy
Performed on women who have abnormal pap smears. Uses a microscope to examine the cervix for abnormalities. Abnormal areas can be removed with a punch biopsy.
Cone biopsy
Cone shaped tissue is removed from the cervix can be done where no tumour is visible but is suspected.
Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
Removes cells of the cervix with a thin wire loop heated with electric current.
Cold knife biopsy
Uses scalpel or laser to remove tissue of the cervix.
Transurethral resection for bladder tumour (TURBT)
Most common type of biopsy, can also help to remove some of the tumour and bladder wall for debunking.
Colonscopy
Uses a long flexible probe to examine the entire colon, can also take biopsies and remove polyps.
