Pelvic Viscera Flashcards
what is micturition?
micturition is med term for urination
- transitional epithelium of the bladder is very responsive to []
*what is the function of the detrusor muscle
transitional epithelium of the bladder is very responsive to stretch
- the detrusor muscle (muscle of the bladder) function is to contract during urination to push the urine out of the bladder and into the urethra. The detrusor muscle will relax to allow the storage of urine in the urinary bladder
how many opening does the urinary bladder have
a triangular area, called the trigone, formed by three openings in the floor of the urinary bladder; 1 urethral opening + 2 ureteric openings
what is the median umbilical ligament
median umbilical ligament (aka URACHUS) is a remnant of the allantois (part of amniotic sac), a canal that ran from the apex of the bladder to the umbilical cord in the developing fetus. Its function was to allow for the exchange of gases and removal of liquid waste (mum wld dispose of fetus urine)
so in a grown/birthed person its sealed off
your rectum bladder and uterus is covered in parietal peritoneum so techincally its position is []
your rectum bladder and uterus is covered in parietal peritoneum so techincally its retroperitoneal/infraperitoneal/subperitoneal all means below/behind peritoneum
n.b. Retroperitoneal organs lie behind the posterior sheath of the peritoneum
many ways to image the urogenital system
name 2 ways this can be done
- a cystography is an X-ray of the pelvis with contrast= a urinary catheter is inserted into bladder to release contrast dye to fill the space
- pyelogram/urogram shows complete excretory system= can be anterograde/retrograde, IV contrast dye to image calices, renal pelvis, ureters + urinary bladder
n.b. antegrade refers to moving or extending forward as opposed to retrograde which implies moving backward or opposite to the direction of flow (so retorgrade is when they put the contrast dye in through a catheter)
what are the 3 (most common) types of urinary incontinence
- stress incontinence: due to increased abdominal pressure under stress {weak pelvic floor muscles} (common in pregnancy)
- urge incontinence: due to involuntary contraction of the bladder muscles (common in diabetes+ stroke)
- overflow incontinence; due to blockage of urethra (common in benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer)
how long is average male urethra compared to average female urethra
in males LONG urethra is 15-25cm
in females SHORT urethra is 3-4cm!
what are the 3 regions of male urethra starting with closest to bladder and ending with tip of penis
the preprostatic (between the bladder and prostate), prostatic (located within the prostate), membranous (cuz it passes through peroneal membrane/the part contained within the perineal pouch), and spongy/penile/bulbous(located in the spongious body of the penis) parts.
what space of the pelvis do you find external urethral sphincter
deep perineal pouch {is in the urogenital triangle} of the perineum below the pelvic diaphragm. It presents as a triangular, trilaminar space with sphincter urethrae [external urethral sphincter], deep transverse perineal, and compressor urethrae [in females]
what nerve innervates external urethral sphincter
what nerve innervates internal urethral sphincter
- pudendal nerve (S2-S4) innervates the external urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle) so innervated by SOMATIC nervous system
- innervates internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle) so innervated by AUTONOMIC nervous sytem
what is the thick muscular organ where fertilised eggs are implanted + state some features of this structure
uterus (female internal genitalia)
*thick walled muscular organ where fertilised egg is implanted
*highly vascular
* contracts during menstruation (shedding of innermost lining endometrium; stratum functionalis)
*expands into abdominal cavity to accomodate fetus
what is endometriosis
presence of ectopic endometrial tissue outside the uterus i.e. in fallopian tubes, ovaries, peritoneum, rectouterine pouc
affects 10% of women 15-25 yrs
-inflammation,scarring, presence of cysts
-fibrotic lesions
-idiopathic (disease of unknown cause)
-laparoscopy/biopsy diagnosis
-surgical + non-surgical interventions
how are the ovaries tethered to the uterus
ovaries are tethered to the uterus via the ligament of the ovary
what is the ovarian artery and vein a branch of
ovarian artery and vein (around L2/L3) are a branch of abodminal aorta
is the ovary an endocrine or exocrine gland
the ovary is an endocrine AND exocrine gland
(so oocytes are exocrine secretions whereas the hormones ovary produces are endocrine secretions)
testicle is divided into parts called lobules. Each lobule contains tiny U-shaped tubes called seminiferous tubules. Sperm is produced within the lobules (seminiferous tubules particularly) then the sperm are sent to the epididymis via the []
testicle is divided into parts called lobules. Each lobule contains tiny U-shaped tubes called seminiferous tubules. Sperm is produced within the lobules (seminiferous tubules particularly) then the sperm are sent to the epididymis via the efferent ductules
function of ductus deferens
The ductus deferens/aka vas deferens functions to transport sperm from the cauda epididymis to the prostatic urethra
the ductus deferens deposits sperm into prostatic urethra via the ejaculatory duct
n.b. The epididymis is a duct-like organ that connects the testis to the vas deferens
what is the function of the seminal vesicles
- produce fluid which makes up most of the components of semen
- fluids act in coagulation of semn, chromatin stability, and suppression of female immune activity
*deposits fluids into the prostatic urethra via the ejaculatory duct
what is the function of prostate
-produces prostatic fluid which helps to nourish, protect, and improve the motility of spermatozoa
-glandular and fibromuscular
-sits at the base of the neck of the urinary bladder
where does the external anal sphincter lie?
the external anal sphincter lies in the superficial perineal pouch
within which erectile tissue would u find the male penile urethra
corpus spongiosum is where the male penile urethra is located
the corpus cavernosum is supported by which muscle?
corpus cavernosum is supported by ischocavernosus
whereas corpus spongiosum is supported by bulbospongiosus muscle
in the female pelvis, what does the bulbospongiosus muscle support
In females, bulbospongiosus contributes to vestibular bulbs as well as clitoral erection and the contractions of orgasm, and closes the vagina.
