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GIGU Exam 2 > Pelvic & Perineal Gynecology > Flashcards

Pelvic & Perineal Gynecology Flashcards

1
Q

Perineum (Perineal Compartment)

A
  • Shallow cavity between the legs (thigh and gluteal muscles) separated from the pelvic cavity by the pelvic floor
  • Area includes the anus and external genitalia
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2
Q

Contents of Perineum in Males:

A
  • Anus
  • Penis
  • Scrotum
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3
Q

Contents of Perineum in Females:

A
  • Anus
  • Mons pubis
  • Labia Majora
  • Labia Minora
  • Structures within the vaginal vestibule
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4
Q

Mons Pubis (Mons Veneris)

A
  • Pad of subcutaneous adipose in front of the pubic symphysis (anterior pelvis)
  • During puberty, fat increases and coarse hair develops due to estrogen levels
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5
Q

Labium Majus

A
  • Paired structure
  • Sizable skin folds that protect midline structures (pudendal cleft)
  • Outer (lateral part) labia is covered with hair, is pigmented and contains sebaceous glands
  • Inner Labium (towards midline) is smooth
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6
Q

What is inside the labia majora?

A
  • Adipose tissue
  • Muscle (dartos labialis)
  • Insertion of the round ligament of the uterus
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7
Q

Labia Majora is the homolog to the ___ in the male

A

Scrotum

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8
Q

Labia Majora: Anterior Labial Commisure

A

Joins the two labium majus anteriorly near the mons pubis

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9
Q

Labia Majora: Posterior Labial Commissure

A
  • Point where the left and right labium majus come together and end the pudendum
  • Located near the anus and overlies the perineal body
  • In a nulliparous woman this structure is a palpable ridge; disappears after vaginal birth
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10
Q

Pudendal Cleft

A
  • Portion of the female genitalia surrounded laterally by the labia majora
  • From an anterior view it appears as a groove along the midline between the legs
  • Includes the labia minora, clitoris, and vaginal vestibule
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11
Q

Labia Minus

A
  • Paired rounded folds of hairless skin that surround the vestibule of the vagina found within the pudendal cleft
  • Vary in shape and size
  • Increase in size during sexual arousal due to presence of erectile tissue within them
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12
Q

Fenulum of the Clitoris

A
  • Medial lamina of the labia minora unite to form this structure
  • Located below the clitoris when viewed during a perineal exam
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13
Q

Prepuce of the Clitoris (Foreskin of the Clitoris, Clitoral Hood)

A
  • Lateral lamina of the labia minora unite to form this structure
  • Located above the glans clitoris and can variably surround it because of its variable shape and size
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14
Q

Frenulum of the Labia Minora (Fourchette)

A
  • Small fold of skin connecting both sides of the labia minora posteriorly
  • Located near the posterior labial commissure of the labia majora (close to the anus) within the labia majora folds
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15
Q

Clitoris

A
  • Erectile organ at the anterior junction of the labia minora (pudendal cleft) within the urogenital triangle
  • Runs from the labia minora junction posteriorly to the pubic symphysis
  • Runs laterally to the left and right superficial perineal pouch
  • Becomes enlarged during sexual arousal because it fills with blood (erectile tissue)
  • Highly vascularized (internal Pudendal A) and innervated (Pudendal N) to carry out the arousal response
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16
Q

The clitoris is the homolog to the ____ in males

A

Penis (Corpora Cavernosa)

** unlike the penis which has roles in repro and urinary systems, the clitoris is only for sexual response

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17
Q

Glans Clitoris

A
  • Projection of the clitoris into the perineum
  • The only visible part of the clitoris during a gyn exam
  • High innervation here helps with sexual arousal
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18
Q

Body of the Clitoris

A
  • Consists of two corpus cavernosum (erectile tissue) that fill with blood during an erectile response
  • Runs between the glans and the angle (from the external perineal surface to the pubic symphysis)
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19
Q

Suspensory Ligament of the Clitoris

A
  • Extends from the pubic symphysis to the body of the clitoris to support the structure
  • Provides a path for neurovasculature
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20
Q

Angle of the Clitoris

A
  • A bend that occurs as the clitoris changes direction in front of the pubic symphysis
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21
Q

Where does the Corpora Cavernosa separate to form the Crus of the Clitoris?

A

At the angle of the clitoris

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22
Q

Where does the Crus of Clitoris attach?

A

Left and Right Ischiopubic Rami and Perineal muscle

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23
Q

Crus of the Clitoris

A
  • Made of corpus cavernosum erectile tissue
  • Located deep to the ischiocavernosus muscle
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24
Q

Vestibule of the Vagina

A
  • Area of the pudendal cleft, enclosed by the labia minora, contains the external urethra orifice, vaginial orifice and associated glands
  • Located along the midline of the body, medial to the thighs within the urogenital triangle, and inferior to the pelvic cavity
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25
External Urethral Orifice
- First of the three holes found within the perineum - Located posteroinferior to the glans clitoris - Where the urethra drains urine - Not part of the women's reproductive system
26
Vaginal Orifice (Introitus)
- Opening of the vagina into the vestibule - Serves as a passageway to and from the internal reproductive organs (vagina and uterus)
27
Hymen
- Thin fold of mucus membrane that covers the vaginal orifice - Highly variable in shape and size - Once damage, remnants called the hymenal caruncle may be seen - If this is a solid membrane, issues may arise during menarche
28
Bulb of the Vestibule
- Paired erectile tissue (corpus spongiosum) laying on either side of the vaginal orifice, deep to the labia minora - Run from the clitoris towards the perineal body - Located deep to the bulbospongiosus muscle
29
Bulb of the Vestibule is the homolog to the ___ of the ___ in males
Bulb of the Penis (Corpus Spongiosum)
30
Greater Vestibular Gland (Bartholin's Gland)
- Set of paired glands lying deep within the superficial perineal pouch - Located lateral and posterior to the vaginal orifice and pass deep to the bulbs of the vestibule - The ducts of this gland opens on either side of the vaginal orifice and secrete mucus into the vaginal vestibule during sexual arousal, providing lubrication
31
Greater Vestibule Gland is a homolog to the ___ ___ in males
Bulbourethral Gland
32
Paraurethral Gland (Lesser Vestibule Gland, Skene's Glands)
- Set of paired glands located on either side of the urethra in front of the vagina - Ducts of this gland open between the urethral and vaginal orifices - Secrete into the vestibule and the urethra, providing moisturization - Secretions from this gland are often referred to as the female ejaculate
33
Paraurethral Glands are the homolog to the ___ ___ in males
Prostate Gland
34
Vagina
- Musculomembranous tube within the pelvis - Travels between the inferior part of the uterus (cervix) to the vaginal orifice by traveling through the urogenital hiatus - Flat tube except near the cervix of the uterus but it is distendable (rugae present to help with expansion) to allow for different functions - Lies between the urethra and rectum - Supported by the pelvic diaphragm and several ligaments
35
Vaginal Fornix
- Part of the vagina encircling the cervix of the uterus - Doesn't flatten - Divided into 4 parts: anterior fornix, posterior fornix, and two lateral fornices - Slightly larger/deeper in the posterior fornix
36
Uterus
- Thick walled, muscular, pear-shaped, hollow organ whose primary function is procreation - Located within the pelvis; anteverted (tipped forward) and anteflexed (bent at cervix) so it lies on the bladder - Supported physically and neurovascularly by ligaments - Consists of a body and a cervix
37
Broad Ligament of the Uterus
- Double layer of peritoneum extending from the sides of the uterus to the lateral pelvic walls and the pelvic floor
38
Round Ligament of the Uterus
- Remnant of the ovarian gubernaculum - Left and right ligaments anchor the lateral aspect of the left and right uterus, and run through the broad ligament - They pass outside the body via the inguinal canal (enter at deep inguinal ring and exit at superficial inguinal ring) to anchor in the labia majora
39
Body of the Uterus
- Superior portion of the uterus - Its axis is anteverted (tipped forward) causing it to lie on top of the bladder - Due to the influence of hormones, the body becomes larger than the cervix
40
Fundus of the Uterus
- Rounded upper portion of the body of the uterus that is furthest from the vagina - Located superior to the connection of the uterine tunes with the uterus (uterine horns)
41
Uterine Horns
Superolateral part of the uterus where the uterine tubes enter the uterus (uterine ostium); x2
42
Isthmus of the Uterus
- Constricted lower portion of the uterine body that leads into the second part of the uterus, the cervix - Helps to visually mark the internal os from the external aspect of the uterus
43
Uterine Cavity
The empty, potential space inside the body of the uterus; lined with endometrium
44
Internal Os of the Uterus
- Opening at the transition of the body of the uterus into the cervix - The passage from the uterine cavity into the cervical canal
45
Uterine Wall
- Body of the uterine wall is composed of 3 distinct tissue layers that allow the uterus to carry out its functions - Perimetrium, Myometrium, Endometrium
46
Perimetrium
- Outermost (superficial) layer of the uterus - Comprised of serosal tissue (peritoneum) or adventitia (lower aspects)
47
Myometrium
- Middle layer; thickest layer of the uterus - Made up of smooth muscle - Highly vascularized - Increases during pregnancy
48
Endometrium
- Innermost (deepest) uterine layer (lining the uterine cavity) - Changes in thickness and composition depending on hormones (menstrual cycle) - Serves as the site of implantation if fertilization of the oocyte occurs - Shed if implantation does not occur
49
Cervix
- Lower portion of the uterus that is partially surrounded by and opens into the vagina - Part of the uterus, but its composition is different from the uterine body (more fibrous) allowing it to fulfill separate functions
50
Supravaginal Part of the Cervix
Upper part of the cervix between the isthmus of the uterus and the vagina (superior to the vagina)
51
Vaginal Part of the Cervix
Part of the cervix that lies within the vagina surrounded by the vaginal fornix
52
Cervical Canal
- Extension of the uterine cavity (open space) from the body of the uterus into the cervix - Demarcated by openings on either end (internal and external os)
53
External Os of the Uterus (Cervix)
- Orifice where the cervical canal ends opening the canal into the vagina - Provides passage from the uterus into the vagina and vice versa
54
Ovaries
- Paired, almond-shaped, white-ish (due to tunica albuginea) organs - Surface of each becomes scarred throughout a woman's life as the ovum is released from it - Serve as endocrine glands for hormones and produce/release oocytes - Located lateral to the uterus within the pelvis near the cecum and sigmoid colon
55
Mesovarium
Part of the Broad Ligament (perimetrium) that holds the ovaries in place
56
Ligament of the Ovary (Ovarian Ligament)
- Connects the ovary to the uterus - Runs from the uterine surface of the ovary (proximal surface) to the body of the uterus, just below the connection of the uterine tube to the uterus - Remnant of the ovarian gubernaculum, extending through the mesometrium (part of the broad ligament)
57
Suspensory Ligament of the Ovary
- Fold in the peritoneum providing the passageway for the ovarian vessels and nerve supply to the ovary - Runs from the lateral pelvic wall to the ovary
58
Uterine Tube (Oviducts, Fallopian Tubes)
- Left and right ducts conduct the secondary oocyte from the periovarian peritoneal cavity to the uterus using peristalsis and cilia - Connects to the uterus near the fundus (uterine horn) - Serves as the common site of fertilization of the oocyte by sperm - Divided between four parts
59
Mesosalpinx
- Part of the Broad Ligament holding the uterine tube in place - Found on the free anterosuperior edge of the broad ligament
60
4 Sections of the Uterine Tube:
- Infundibulum - Ampulla - Isthmus - Uterine Part (Intramural Part)
61
Infundibulum of the Uterine Tube
- Funnel-shaped distal end of the uterine tube - Opens into the peritoneal cavity to receive the oocyte from the ovary - Connects to the ampulla portion of the uterine tube proximally
62
Infundibulum: Abdominal Ostium
- Opening of the uterine tube into the peritoneal cavity - Allows the oocyte to move from the cavity after its release from the ovary
63
Infundibulum: Fimbriae
- Finger-like projections of the infundibulum that help move the oocyte from the ovary into the uterine tube - Often surround or drape around the ovary
64
Ovarian Fimbria
- One long, finger-like structure that attaches to the superior portion of the ovary - Anchors the infundibulum of the uterine tube to the ovary
65
Ampulla of the Uterine Tube
- Widest and longest uterine tube portion (2/3rds of the tube) between the infundibulum and the isthmus - Where fertilization typically occurs
66
Isthmus of the Uterine Tube
- Narrowest part of the uterine tube - Located just before the uterine tube enters the uterus at the uterine horn - Between the ampulla and uterine parts
67
Uterine Part (Intramural Part) of the Uterine Tube
- Proximal part passes through the wall of the uterus allowing the oocyte into the uterine cavity - Travels through the myometrium, so it is not seen outside of the uterus like the other sections - Located in the uterine horn area of the body of the uterus
68
Uterine Ostium
Opening of the uterine tuber into the uterine cavity allowing the oocyte passage into the uterus (uterine cavity) from the uterine tube

GIGU Exam 2 (9 decks)

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