Pelvic Organs

Question 1

Name the pelvic portions of the tubular GIT.

Answer 1

sigmoid colon, rectum and anal canal.

Question 2

Where does the rectum begin?

Answer 2

mid sacral level

Question 3

What are the transverse folds?

Answer 3

3 mucosal folds that pass 2/3 of the way around the circumference of the rectum in a staggered array

Question 4

Describe the blood supply to the rectum.

Answer 4

Upper= superior rectal via the inferior mesenteric artery

Middle and lower= branches of the internal iliac artery

Question 5

Describe the venous drainage of the rectum.

Answer 5

Superior rectal veins drain into the portal system (inferior mesenteric vein); middle and lower rectal veins to the systemic system.

Question 6

What do hemorrhoids indicate?

Answer 6

a blocking in either the portal or systemic system causing blood to back up into these portocaval anastomoses of the rectum/anal canal.

Question 7

Name two peritoneal-lined recesses within the pelvis in the female.

Answer 7

Vesticouterine and rectouterine pouches

Question 8

How many peritoneal-lined recesses are there within the pelvis in the male?

Answer 8

one–the rectovesical

Question 9

Where do the ureters become pelvic?

Answer 9

as they cross the bifurcation of the common iliac artery into the interal and external iliac arteries at the pelvic brim

Question 10

what structure crosses the pelvic ureters in the male/female?

Answer 10

the ductus deferens and the uterine artery

Question 11

why is the association clinically important in the female?

Answer 11

during a hysterectomy, the ureters might be tied off instead of or in addition to the uterine artery

Question 12

what is the triangular smooth area on the wall of the bladder called?

Answer 12

trigone

Question 13

what structures delineate the trigone?

Answer 13

the upper two corners are the entrance of the ureters into the bladder, the lower corner is the exit of the urethra from the bladder

Question 14

what is the blood supply to the bladder?

Answer 14

superior/inferior vesical arteries

Question 15

from what vessel do the sup/inf vesical arteries arise?

Answer 15

the internal iliac artery

Question 16

What is the function of the 2 divisions of the ANS in the bladder?

Answer 16

parasympathetic: motor to smooth muscle (detrusor) of the bladder, inhibitory to the sphincter vesicae; sympathetic: have antagonistic actions

Question 17

what are the 3 portions of the male urethra?

Answer 17

prostatic, membranous and spongy (penile)

Question 18

which part of the male urethra is clinically important during catheterization? why?

Answer 18

the membranous: it is the least supported by surrounding structures, is found at the turn of the penile urethra up to the prostatic urethra, and is most easily penetrated during catheterization

Question 19

be able to label the various portions on a sagittal section thru the pelvis

Answer 19

this diagram is important (page 241) as well as superimposing the contents of the scrotum and their anatomy to this diagram

Question 20

what is delivered via the ejaculatory duct?

Answer 20

spermatozoa from the testis and seminal fluid from the seminal vesicles.

Question 21

what is delivered via the prostatic ducts?

Answer 21

prostatic fluid

Question 22

what is delivered via the prostatic utricle

Answer 22

nothing–it is a dead end cavity, located on the seminal colliculus, homologous to the vagina in the female

Question 23

Where does the ducts deferens begin? terminate?

Answer 23

ductus defernes begins at the base of the testis where the tail of epididymis stops. It terminates where the ducts from the seminal vesicle join it to form the ejaculatory ducts

Question 24

what is the function of the epididymis?

Answer 24

it functions as a place to store sperm prior to ejaculation and where it typically becomes fully mature.

Question 25

What is the terminal dilation of the ductus deferens called?

Answer 25

the ampulla

Question 26

what does the ductus deferens traverse to access the abdominal cavity?

Answer 26

the inguinal canal thru the anterior abdominal wall

Question 27

where are the seminal vesicles located?

Answer 27

to either side of the midline at the posterior aspect of the prostate gland

Question 28

what is the function of the seminal vesicle?

Answer 28

secrete seminal fluid that contains fructose and prostaglandins to support/nourish the spertamazoa

Question 29

be able to trace the pathway of the spermatozoa from the seminiferous tubule out into the ductus deferens

Answer 29

seminiferous tubule,tubuli recti, rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, prostatic urethra, membranous urethra and spongy (penile) urethra

Question 30

what is the serous lining of the testis called?

Answer 30

tunica vaginalis

Question 31

what is the function of the tunica vaginalis?

Answer 31

provide friction-free movement of the testis within the scrotum

Question 32

from what layer was the tunica vaginalis derived embryologically?

Answer 32

the peritoneum

Question 33

what is the thick fibrous capsule of the testis called?

Answer 33

tunica albuginea

Question 34

what is the thicker posterior region of the testicular capsule called?

Answer 34

mediastinum testis

Question 35

name the 3 lobes of the prostate

Answer 35

left lateral, right lateral and middle (posterior)

Question 36

which lobe of the proste is predisposed to hypertrophy?

Answer 36

middle

Question 37

what is the clinical symptomology of this swelling of the middle lobe?

Answer 37

difficulty urinating--the flap formed by the swelling is pushed downward during pressure to urinate, which blocks the urethral opening

Question 38

what structures penetrate the prostate?

Answer 38

the prostatic urethra and ejaculatory ducts

Question 39

what organ with an anatomical relationship to the prostate allows palpation for hypertrophy?

Answer 39

rectum

Question 40

Be able to label a diagram of the broad ligament and understand how the ovary is attached to it and the subdivisions of the ligament formed by this attachment.

Answer 40

bottom of page 243

Question 41

define mesovarium and mesosalpinx

Answer 41

mesovarium: the portion of the broad ligament that attaches the ovary to the broad ligament proper; mesosalpinx: the portion of the broad ligament above the attached of the ovary that encompasses the uterine tube

Question 42

how is the ovary suspended medially and laterally?

Answer 42

medially: ligament of the ovary laterally: suspensory ligament of the ovary

Question 43

define the anatomy of the uterine tubes from the peritoneal cavity to the uterus?

Answer 43

fimbriae, infundibulum, amupulla, uterine tube proper, isthmus

Question 44

what is the function of the uterine tubes?

Answer 44

to collect the ovulated egg and transport it to the uterus for implantation

Question 45

where does fertilization of the ova normally happen?

Answer 45

within uterine tube

Question 46

what type of ectopic pregnancy might occur here?

Answer 46

tubal pregnancy

Question 47

know the anatomy of the uterus

Answer 47

page 242

Question 48

what defines the fundus of the uterus?

Answer 48

that superior portion of the uterus above the entrance of the uterine tubes

Question 49

outline the pathway a spermatozoa would take on its way to fetilize an ovum within the uterine tube

Answer 49

vagina, external os, cervical canal, internal os, uterine cavity, uterine tube

Question 50

what is a fornix?

Answer 50

the circular canal between the cervix and the vaginal wall

Question 51

what are divisions of the fornix?

Answer 51

anterior, lateral and posterior

Question 52

which of the fornices is the deepest and why?

Answer 52

the posterior because it is pulled posteriorly by the anteversion of the uterus

Question 53

what is meant by anteverted and anteflexed?

Answer 53

anteverted: the axis of the cervical canal is at a 90 degree angle to the long axis of the vagina; anteflexed:the body of the uterus bends forward on the long axis of the cervix to form an angle of 170 degrees between the 2

Question 54

Over what structure is the uterus anteverted?

Answer 54

the bladder

Question 55

what is the implication of this anatomical association during pregnancy? (bladder and uterus)

Answer 55

the uterus increases in size, compressing the bladder causing more frequent urination as the the bladder volume is reduced

Question 56

list the ligaments of the uterus?

Answer 56

broad, round, transverse cervical (cardinal), uterosacral and pubovesical ligaments

Question 57

to what region do these uterus ligaments attach?

Answer 57

round ligament--superiorly broad--laterally cardinal/transverse--inferolaterally uterosacral/pubovesical--inferiorly

Question 58

which of these ligaments specifically protect against prolapse of the uterus?

Answer 58

those ligaments associated with the lower regions of the cervix (uterosacral and pubovesical) specifically serve to prevent prolapse of the uterus down into the vagina

Question 59

what can happen if these ligaments lose their function?

Answer 59

the uterus can prolapse into the vagina

Question 60

which of the uterine ligaments are demonstrable in lab?

Answer 60

the round and broad ligaments