Pelvic Muscles Flashcards
What muscles make up the levator ani?
Puborectalis
Pubococcygeus
Iliococcygeus
When we use a squatty potty, what muscle are we relaxing? Why does it do that?
We are relaxing our puborectalis muscle, which is the muscle found wrapped around our anal rectal junction.
What is the most lateral levator ani muscle?
Iliococcygeus
Where is the perineal body located?
In between the vagina and rectum
In between the scrotum and rectum
What ligaments are found below the gluteus maximus?
Sacrotuberous ligament
Sacrospinous ligament
What two muscles is the iliococcygeus found between?
Coccygeus posteriorly
Pubococcygeus anteriorly
What 3 locations make up the urogenital triangle on a female?
Pubic symphysis
Bilateral ischial tuberosities
What muscles connect each ischial tuberosity to the perineal body?
Superficial transverse perineal muscle.
What is a common infection site in the posterior pelvic region?
Ischio-anal fossa.
Q: A patient with a peri-anal abscess has the infection drained. The infected space came into contact with the “roof” of the space. Which of the following muscles would have been irritated?
Gluteus maximus, obturator externus, obturator internus, piriformis, puborectalis
Puborectalis
The “roof” is the pelvic diaphragm.
Q: A 12-year old is brought to the emergency department after an accident while riding his bike. He was landing a jump and he slipped off his seat and hit his groin on the bar of the bike. Radiographs of this pelvis demonstrate fracture or rupture of:
Acetabulum, ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum
Pubis.
What is more lateral the bulbospongiosus or the ischiocavernosus?
Ischiocavernosus
What muscle is found deep to the superficial transverse perineal muscle?
Deep transverse perineal muscle :)
What covers the deep transverse perineal muscle?
Perineal membrane
What muscle covers the corpus cavernosum?
Ischiocavernosus
What gland is found right next to the sphincter urethrae muscle?
Bulbourethral gland
What muscle is the sphincter urethrae muscle actually a part of?
Deep transverse perineal muscle.
What muscle covers the corpus spongiosum?
Bulbospongiosus
What is the most deep fascia in the male urogenital triangle?
Perineal membrane
What are the layers of fascia in the male urogenital triangle?
Deep to superficial
Perineal membrane
Deep penile fascia
Deep perineal fascia
Superficial perineal fascia (Colle’s)
What is contained in the deep perineal space?
What membrane marks this space.
It contains the deep transverse perineal muscle and glands.
Note: It is the space above the perineal membrane.
IM ASSUMING THIS MEANS DEEP TO THE PERINEAL MEMBRANE
What is contained in the superficial perineal space?
What Is this space deep to.
Muscles of the penis/clitoris.
Note: It is the space between the perineal membrane and superficial perineal fascia.
What is contained in the space superficial to the superficial perineal fascia?
Subcutaneous fat (Camper’s or Dartos fascia)
Why is the existence of the fascia important for injuries to the groin region?
Bleeds cannot spread beyond the fascia.
What are the outer layers of the penis?
Skin
Superficial penile fascia
Deep penile fascia (Buck’s)
What is the glans of the penis the distal end of?
Corpus spongiosum
What muscle directly surrounds the spongy urethra?
Corpus spongiosum
What muscle surrounds the corpus spongiosum?
Corpus cavernosum (crus of the penis)
Where are the deep arteries of the penis found?
They are found in the center of each corpus cavernosum.
Are most arteries/veins/nerves in the penis found dorsally or ventrally?
Dorsally.
What kind of blood vessel is found in the fat surrounding the penis?
Veins only, specifically the superficial.
This is the only vasculature IN THE PENIS that is found superficial to the superficial penile fascia
What are the branches of the internal pudendal artery?
Inferior rectal artery
Transverse perineal artery
Perineal artery
Posterior scrotal artery
What muscle/structure does the deep artery of the penis dive into as it goes towards the glans?
Corpus cavernosum and therefore the ischiocavernosus
What is the internal pudendal artery a branch off of?
Internal iliac artery
Note:
It is the branch in between the middle rectal and the inferior gluteal. When in doubt, look for the inferior gluteal artery first since it is more obvious to locate.
What is the deep dorsal vein inferior to?
Pubis
What ligament is found medial to the two spermatic cords?
Fundiform ligament of the penis (suspensitory ligament of penis)
What is the inguinal ligament the border of?
Inferior border of the external abdominal oblique and the abdomen itself.
What does the parietal peritoneum become in the spermatic cord?
Tunica vaginalis
What does the transversalis fascia become in the spermatic cord?
Internal spermatic fascia
What does the transversalis abdominis become in the spermatic cord?
Nothing! :)
What does the internal abdominal oblique become in the spermatic cord?
Cremaster fascia and muscle
What does the external abdominal oblique become in the spermatic cord?
External spermatic fascia
Name the layers that form each layer of the spermatic cord from deep to superficial
Parietal peritoneum => Tunica vaginalis
Transversalis fascia => Internal spermatic fascia
Transversus abdominis => NONE
Internal abdominal oblique => Cremaster fascia and muscle
External abdominal oblique => External spermatic fascia
What 3 vessels are found in the internal spermatic fascia?
Testicular artery/vein
Ductus deferens
Artery to ductus deferens
What are the layers surrounding the testes from superficial to deep?
Skin
Superficial fascia of scrotum (Dartos)
External spermatic fascia
Cremaster muscle and fascia
Internal spermatic fascia
Tunica vaginalis
What kind of plexus do the testicular veins form?
The pampiniform plexus
What is the function of the cremaster muscle?
Upon contraction, it pulls the testes closer to the body.
What veins surround the testicular artery?
The testicular veins via the pampiniform plexus.
When is sperm production most efficient?
Just below body temperature.
How does the body control the temperature of the testes?
Cremaster muscle to separate it from the body.
Pampiniform plexus allows heat to be dissipated.
Describe the path of sperm movement from the testes.
Lobules of semiferous tubules
Rete testis
Efferent ductules
Epididymis (head)
Epididymis (body)
Epididymis (tail)
Ductus deferens
What is the head of the clitoris and hood sometimes called?
The prepuce
What is the male equivalent of the labia majora?
Scrotum
What is the male equivalent of the clitoris?
Penis
What is the area just around the vagina called?
The vulva
What connects the clitoris to the pubis?
Suspensory ligament of the clitoris
What bulb is on each side of the urethra/vaginal openings?
Vestibular glands
The larger one is the bulb of the vestibule.
The smaller one by the posterior of the vagina is bartholin’s gland or greater vestibular gland.
What is the function of the greater vestibular gland?
Lubrication and disinfection.
What muscle surrounds the vaginal opening?
The vaginal constrictor muscle.
What part of the clitoris is the most lateral?
The crus, found bilaterally.
Why are females more susceptible to UTIs?
A much shorter urethra.
What is the round ligament of the uterus a remnant of?
The gubernaculum
What is the opening of the uterus called?
Cervix
What does the deep perineal fascia cover?
Bulbospongiosum/muscle
Corpus cavernosum/muscle
What layer of fat is fond superficial to the superficial perineal fascia?
Subcutaneous fat (Camper’s)
What kind of injury causes localized lower abdominal bleeding in women and why?
Straddle injuries, caused by separation of the fascia.
What are skene’s glands?
Lesser vestibular glands, which function similarly to the prostate. They work identical to their greater counterparts.
Where are skene’s glands found?
In the urethra.
What does the perineal artery supply blood to in a female?
Bulb of the vestibule
Bulbospongiosus
