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Ultrasonography > Pelvic Anatomy > Flashcards

Pelvic Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Compartmental Anatomy of the Female pelvis

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Middle
  3. Posterior
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2
Q

Anterior compartment:

A
  1. Urinary bladder, urethra
  2. Ureters
  3. Peritoneal recesses
  4. Fat planes
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3
Q

Middle compartment:

A
  1. Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
  2. Broad ligament
  3. Meso-ovarium = double fold of peritoneum
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4
Q

Posterior comparment

A
  1. Rectum & surrounding connective tissues
  2. Peritoneal recesses
    - recto uterine folds: uterosacral ligaments
    - recto vaginal pouch (POD)
  3. Fat planes
    - rectovaginal septum
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5
Q

Other term of POD

A

Recto-vaginal pouch

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6
Q

Meaning of POD

A

Pouch of Douglas

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7
Q

Normal ovary of NEONATAL/INFANTS

A

Small follicles; may be >9mm
Seen in 84% of ovaries in infants <2 yrs

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8
Q

Normal ovary of CHILD (Pre-menarchal)

A

Small follicles; <9mm ; mean 6-7mm
Seen in 68% of ovaries in girls 2-12 yrs

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9
Q

Normal ovary of ADULT (Post-menarchal)

A

Increase in size ; descend deeper into the pelvis
Multiple follicles

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10
Q

Normal ovary of ADULT (Post-menopausal)

A

Decrease in size ; follicles disappear

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11
Q

Ovarian size best described by ovarian volume

A

0.523 x Width x Thickness x Length

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12
Q

Normal ovarian volume of NEONATAL/INFANT

A

1.0 cm3

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13
Q

Normal ovarian volume of PRE-PUBERTAL GIRLS (2-12 yrs)

A

0.7 to 4.0 cm3

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14
Q

Normal ovarian volume of POST-MENARCHAL

A

10 cm3 (2 x 3 x 4)

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15
Q

Main ovarian artery

A

Aorta

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16
Q

Dual blood supply:

A
  1. Aorta
  2. Adnexal branches of the uterine artery
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17
Q

Where the right ovarian vein drains into?

A

IVC

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18
Q

Where the left ovarian vein drains into?

A

Left renal vein

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19
Q

AP diameter of cervix prominent due to maternal hormones

A

Neonate

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20
Q

Decrease in size due to declining level of hormones

A

Child

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21
Q

Descends with adnexa deeper into pelvis; fundus elongates and thickens; pear-shaped uterus

A

Adult (post-menarchal)

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22
Q

Uterus atrophies such that uterine corpus is equal to or even smaller than cervix

A

Adult (post-menopausal)

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23
Q

3 layers of cervix

A
  1. Cervical mucosal layer
  2. Submucosal layer
  3. Cervical stromal layer
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24
Q

Inner layer of Cx

A

Cervical mucosal layer

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25
Q

Can be hypo-, iso- or slightly hyperechoic

A

Cervical mucosal layer

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26
Q

Thin hypoechoic layer

A

Submucosal layer (only sometimes seen)

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27
Q

Outer layer of the Cx

A

Cervical stromal layer

28
Q

Usually of same echogenicity as myometriun

A

Cervical stromal layer

29
Q

Normal mucosal folds of the cervical mucosa. They can invaginate deeply within the mucosa.

A

Plicae palmitae

30
Q

Central echogenic band

A

Endometrium

31
Q

Common benign uterine masses of Endometrium

A
  1. Polyp
  2. Endometrial hyperplasia
32
Q

Common malignant uterine masses of Endometrium

A
  1. Endometrial carcinoma
  2. Endometrial stromal sarcoma
33
Q

Common benign uterine masses of myometrium

A
  1. Leiomyoma
  2. Adenomyosis/adenomyoma
34
Q

Common malignant uterine mass of myometrium

A

Leiomyosarcoma

35
Q

Common benign uterine masses of endocervix?

A
  1. Polyp
  2. Leiomyoma
36
Q

Common benign uterine mass of endocervix

A

Cervical carcinoma

37
Q

Endometrial thickness of Menstrual Phase

A

4mm

38
Q

Endometrial thickness of Proliferative Phase

A

5-12mm

39
Q

Endometrial thickness of Secretory Phase

A

12-15mm

40
Q

Endometrial thickness of Menopausal

A

4mm

41
Q

Endometrial thickness of Patient on Tamoxifen/HRT

A

8mm

42
Q

3 layers of endometrium

A
  1. Basal layer
  2. Functional layer
  3. Subendometrial layer
43
Q

Trilaminar appearance

A

Late proliferative phase

44
Q

The most appropriate first line imaging modality to asses the UT and ovaries in an adult

A

TV US

45
Q

The appearance of the UT and ovaries depends on

A
  1. The stage of life cycle
  2. Phase of Menstrual Cycle
46
Q

Solid appearing pattern with concave margins with no vascularity

A

Haemorrhagjc ovarian cyst

47
Q

Fluid fluid level

A

Haemorrhagic cyst

48
Q

“Fish-net” or reticular pattern within a cyst

A

Haemorrhagic cyst

49
Q

XY karyotype; gonads fail to develop into testes in-utero and thus testosterone production

A

Swyer syndrome

50
Q

Mullerian ducts develop into UT and fallopian tubes

A

Swyer syndrome

51
Q

Normal UT length of NEONATE

A

3.5cm

52
Q

b:c ratio of neonate

A

2:1

53
Q

The appearance of endometrium is echogenic line with small amt of fluid

A

Neonate

54
Q

Normal UT length of Paediatric

A

1-3cm

55
Q

b:c ratio of paediatric

A

1:1

56
Q

The appearance of endometrium is thin echogenic line

A

Paediatric

57
Q

Appearance of UT is smaller and tubular in shape

A

Paediatric

58
Q

Normal ut length of pre-pubertal/pubertal?

A

3-8cm

59
Q

b:c ratio of pre-pubertal?

A

1.5 to 2:1

60
Q

Normal ut length of reproductive?

A

8-9cm

61
Q

b:c ratio of reproductive?

A

2:1

62
Q

Normal ut length of post partum?

A

9-20cm

63
Q

Endometrium thickness of menstrual phase

A

1-4mm

64
Q

Endometrium thickness of proliferative phase (D5-13)

A

5-12mm

65
Q

Endometrium thickness of secretory phase (D14-28)

A

12-15mm

Ultrasonography (2 decks)

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