PELLS, SEEM, PH&E Flashcards
PH&E
epidemiological transition briefly describe each phase
phase 1 - age of pestilence and famine
high mortality, low and variable life expectancy (20 - 40 years) WAR, FAMINE, EPIDEMICS
phase 2 - age of receding pandemic
mortality decrease, epidemic peaks decrease frequency, advancement in medicine, healthcare system and extended average life expectancy (30-50 years) population growth EXPONENTIAL
phase 3 - age of degenerative and man-made diseases
mortality decreases more and is STABLE. birth rates decline (maybe even negative) CHRONIC and DEGNERATIVE DISEASE, ACCIDENTS and INJURIES
types of study (5 types)
case series - reports of subjects, no control group
*SMALL in number, insufficient if incidence rates are lower e.g. 1 in 2000 but how to test if you sample size only 5
cohort study - compare one group with one condition and another that does not to see if presence of condition affect outcome (aka smoker vs nonsmoker)
*longitudinal and helps to temporality infer
case control - choose 2 different group based on OUTCOME, then interview to see what led to such
*retrospective
cross-sectional study - measures condition + outcome at same time
*infers temporality more poorly than cohort study
randomised control study (RCT) - subjects randomly allocated to 2 groups but UNETHICAL if involves exposing subjects to potentially health damaging substances
note: first 4 are OBSERVATIONAL ONLY, no intervention
whats the 4 box approach for medical ethics
medical indications
patient preference
quality of life
contextual features
if someone SENIOR consultant say “OH ya, hip replacement surgery can! no problem” then u just trust this guy that he has your pt’s best interest at heart and go “eh yo pt, hip replacement can!!”
does this follow medical ethics?
NO. this is parroting. cannot monkey hear monkey say. need to form your own thoughts, reasoning and consideration!!
this is poor ethical reasoning
meSH terms will increase or decrease number of search results
increase
clinical implementation
evaluating clinical trial results and identifying gaps in care
