PEDS Flashcards
A newborn infant presents in severe respiratory distress. A CXR shows: complete lucency of hemithorax
A chest tube is then placed and the child decompensates further
what is next step
what is dx
Immediate thoracotomy and lobectomy
Congenital lobar emphysema (CLE)
results from overdistention of one or more lobes within a histologically normal lung due to abnormal cartilaginous support of the feeding bronchus.
This focal area of bronchial collapse results in a ball- valve with air trapping and a progressive increase in lobar distention.
The symptoms of congenital lobar emphysema
range from
none to severe respiratory distress within the neonatal period.
Asymptomatic patients are often identified during a routine chest radiograph as an area of hyperlucency.
In these cases, observation without pulmonary resection may be prudent.
Occasionally, CLE is identified in a patient with recurrent or persistent pneumonia or with progressive dyspnea. Resection of the involved lung is therapeutic and well tolerated.
The presentation of CLE in a neonate may include severe respiratory distress. In these cases, the clinical and radiographic picture may mimic a tension pneumothorax with severe mediastinal shift. Inadvertent placement of a chest tube into the distended lung would be catastrophic. Immediate thoracotomy with resection of the involved lobe may be lifesaving
Bottom Line: Congenital lobar emphysema can present in many ways. The worst presentation is severe respiratory distress which can look like a tension pneumothorax on CXR. Lobectomy is the only treatment for this severe presentation.
jejunoileal atresia
intrauterine focal mesenteric vascular accident (
A preoperative barium enema may be useful to exclude multiple atresias which may be present in 10% to 15% of cases.
usually NOT associated with other anomalies - EXCEPT is cystic fibrosis, which may be present in roughly 10% of cases. (maybe gastroschesis)
This may require multiple anastomoses over an endoluminal stent!
saving as much bowel length as possible.
used to make the diagnosis of a patent ductus arteriosus
Transthoracic echocardiography
patent ductus arteriosus natural history in term versus premature
Spontaneous closure of the ductus occurs within 4 days in 90% to 95% of full-term infants
80% to 90% of premature infants at 30 to 37 weeks’ gestational age.
The long-term risks of PDA in term infants include development of endocarditis, congestive heart failure, and, eventually, of irreversible pulmonary hypertension (choice D).
treatment of PDA
Asymptomatic infants may undergo elective closure between 1 and 2 years of age to facilitate VATS or transcatheter closure
symptomatic infants should undergo prompt evaluation and closure.
NO! COX inhibitors in TERM babies - because of the lack of prostaglandin-responsive contractile smooth muscle in their ductal tissue
Patent ductus arteriosis can be treated with COX inhibitors in PREmature infants but need surgical management in term infants.
Testicular torsion in the neonatal and prenatal period
extravaginal–the testicle and both layers of the tunica vaginalis rotate
Testicular torsion in neonates may not produce symptoms and is usually only noted after the testicle has atrophied.
Testicular salvage after neonatal torsion is rare
Testicular torsion in children and young adults
(most common in 12-18 year olds)
intravaginal–the testicle and inner layer of the tunica vaginalis rotate.
Adolescents present with severe pain
The diagnosis of testicular torsion is made principally on clinical grounds
If the diagnosis is strongly suspected, the best “test” is operative scrotal exploration.
Surgery should be performed within 4-6 hours of the onset of pain.
The testicular salvage rate if detorsion is performed within 6 hours of symptoms is up to 97%.
An orchiopexy should be performed by fixing the testicle to the scrotal wall at three points.
The anatomic predisposition to torsion affects both testicles; therefore, the contralateral testicle should be similarly repaired
mechanisms have been proposed to explain the findings of jejunoileal atresia
prevailing theory is that of an intrauterine focal mesenteric vascular accident.
omphalocele mech
11th week of gestation, the midgut returns back into the abdominal cavity and undergoes normal rotation and fixation, along with closure of the umbilical ring.
If the intestine fails to return, the infant is born with abdominal contents protruding directly through the umbilical ring, termed an omphalocele.
An umbilical hernia occurs as a result of persistence of the
umbilical ring.
The variable persistence of the embryonic processus vaginalis offers a spectrum of abnormalities, including
a scrotal hernia,
communicating hydrocele,
hydrocele of the cord,
simple hydrocele.
Gastroschisis results from
an abdominal wall defect associated with normal involution of the
second umbilical vein.
cyanotic heart defect pathophys
deoxygenated blood bypassing the lungs and entering the systemic circulation.
This can be caused by right-to-left or bidirectional shunting, or malposition of the great arteries.
Cyanotic heart defects include
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
- Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
- Transposition of the great arteries
- Truncus arteriosus (Persistent)
- Tricuspid atresia
- Interrupted aortic arch
- Pulmonary atresia
- Pulmonary stenosis
- Eisenmenger syndrome (reversal of Shunt due to Pulmonary Hypertension)
- Patent ductus arteriosus (may cause cyanosis in late stage)
Non cyanotic heart defects
more common because of higher survival.
In these, the shunt is initially from left (oxygenated) to right (non-oxygenated). These include:
- Atrial septal defect
- Ventricular septal defect
- Coarctation of the aorta
- Double outlet left/right ventricle
Infantile hemangiomas
Bottom Line: Strawberry hemangiomas appear at birth and are characterized by a rapid growth phase that then begin to involute. Treatment is observation, as most resolve by age 7 to 8.
characteristic evolution,
with early rapid growth (proliferation)
followed by slow involution.
Rapid growth during the neonatal period (birth to 4 wk) is the historical hallmark of infantile hemangiomas.
superficial dermal lesions (strawberry hemangiomas) appear raised and profoundly erythematous with an irregular texture,
whereas deep lesions (cavernous hemangiomas) appear smooth, slightly raised, with a bluish hue or a faint telangiectatic pattern on the overlying skin.
Observation remains the standard of care for uncomplicated cases.
Fifty percent will involute without treatment by age 5 years, 70% by 7 years
Steroid therapy hastens the rate of proliferation of hemangiomas by 30% to 90% and is indicated for complicated lesions (i.e., those causing severe physiological or anatomical abnormalities)
Vascular malformations
normal endothelial cell turn-over
tend to grow with the child.
They are usually visible at birth but may take years or even decades to manifest.
Some lesions can be excised or injected with a sclerosing solution
Capillary malformations
port-wine stain (nevus flammeus),
nevus flammeus neonatorum (angel’s kiss),
nevus flammeus nuchae (stork bite, salmon patch),
angiokeratomas, or telangiectasias (spider, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Rendu–Osler–Weber syndrome)).
They are prone to infection and are treated aggressively with intravenous antibiotics??
A hydrocele what is it
a collection of fluid in the space surrounding the testicle
between the layers of the tunica vaginalis.
communicating = patent processus vaginalis with free flow of fluid
noncommunicating =usually scrotal in males, and may extend to the external inguinal ring
associated findings Hydroceles
indirect inguinal hernia
bilateral
RIGHT side
diagnosis of hydrocele
A history of intermittent fluctuation in the size, intermittent inguinal bulging, and transillumination is generally diagnostic for hydrocele.
A hydrocele is a
collection of fluid in the space surrounding the testicle between the layers of the tunica vaginalis.
management of Hydroceles
need SURGERY if:
communicating (patent processus vaginalis with free flow of fluid)
or noncommunicating (usually scrotal in males, and may extend to the external inguinal ring).
if bilat Hydrocele which side is most likely side for recurrence
often bilateral
higher rate of occurrence on the right side (sigmoid butress the left?). (careful, Varicocele more often on left (because left gonadal drain into renal instead of directly into IVC)
Occasionally, a hydrocele may extend through the inguinal canal into the retroperitoneum as an abdomino-scrotal hydrocele.
Varicocele
upper part of the scrotum.
80% to 90% of cases, they present on the left side,
In the supine position, a redundant left hemiscrotum and horizontal lie of the left testis may be noted.
On standing, the varicocele fills with blood to produce the typical “bag of worms” appearance.
The lesion is NOT painful
however, the boy may complain of a dragging sensation.
most common type of solid organ tumor in the pediatric population.
neuroblastoma
Children often present with a palpable flank mass, and may have symptoms such as diarrhea, hypertension, or ataxia. what is the diagnosis
neuroblastoma
neuroblastoma Workup will reveal
an elevation in catecholamines
and
metanephrines,
easily diagnosed by CT scan or MRI.
neuroblastoma -poor prognosis is associated
age greater than 1 year old,
elevations in neuron specific enolase (NSE),
Incr LDH,
Incr N-myc amplification.
Tumors that are hyperdiploid will have more DNA within the tumor cells which make them more susceptible to chemotherapy and portends a favorable prognosis.
initial management NEC
bowel rest with nasogastric tube decompression,
fluid resuscitation,
blood and platelet transfusion,
administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics.
Medical management continues for 7 to 10 days and is successful in roughly half of cases.
The general principles of surgical management of NEC include
resection of all nonviable segments of intestine with
creation of a stoma.
single most important risk factor for NEC
Prematurity
other factors such as ischemia, bacteria, cytokines, enteral feeding
The absolute indication for operative management of NEC
Other relative indications
the presence of intestinal perforation
as revealed by the identification of free air on plain abdominal radiographs.
Other relative indications for surgery overall clinical deterioration, abdominal wall cellulitis, worsening acidosis, falling white blood cell or falling platelet count, palpable abdominal mass, or a persistent fixed loop on repeated abdominal radiographs. Bottom Line: The biggest risk factor for NEC is premature birth. Medical management is successful in 50% of cases. Surgical intervention should be undertaken when there are signs of perforation and resection of all necrotic bowel with stoma creation is the procedure of choice.
Describe order of prevelance of esophageal atresia TEF
A 7%
PURE atresia - long gap
B 2%
Proximal TEF
long gap atresia
C 86%
Prox atresia
Distal TEF
D 1%
Proximal AND distal TEF
Distal atresias
N-type
E 4%
PURE TEF
NO atresia
natural history of severe pulmonary hypoplasia seen with CDH
Severe pulmonary hypoplasia is irreversible and fatal.
Pulmonary hypertension is potentially reversible.
CDH is typically diagnosed by
prenatal ultrasound
associated with polyhydramnios secondary to an acute esophagogastric angle with resulting distal esophageal obstruction.
frist steps in management of CDH after birth
After birth, nasogastric decompression is crucial to prevent further distention of the viscera within the chest and additional cardiovascular compromise.
Surgical intervention is not emergent following delivery but should be planned for day 2-3 of life when the neonate is free of significant respiratory or cardiovascular compromise.
