Peds Flashcards
Fears of toddlers
Separation from caregivers
Fears of preschools
Body mutilation, night terrors
Fear of school age
Death
Fear of adolescent
Social isolation, not being accepted by peers
Car seat safety
Rear facing until 2 yrs old, be in booster seat until age of 12 or ht is more than 4’9
2nd hand smoking risk for children
- infection (respiratory and ear), worsening lung disease
- teach parents: don’t smoke around kids, wash hands and change clothes, don’t smoke in spaces where kids will be
Why do adolescent get injured the most
Thinks they are invincible and take a lot of high risk behaviors
Helpful toilet training strategies
Parents should be consistent and use praise
When does toilet training happen?
Toddlers - when they wake up dry, show signs of readiness to begin training, and it usually starts at 2yrs old when anatomy is ready
Signs and symptoms of lead poisoning
- fatigue
- not having appetite or psychological anorexia
- abd pain
- developmental delay
Causes: permanent brain damage
Types of play for infant
Solitary
Types of play for toddler
Parallel and onlooker
Types of play for preschool
Associative, can engage in cooperative, pretend/imaginary play
Types of play for school age
Cooperative, solitary, and team play
Types of play for adolescent
Team play
Do no harm, weight the risk of benefit as nurses
Nonmaleficence
Giving permission to receive treatment
- asking if you could lift their gown, pt has right to say a yes or no
- no legal consent
Ascent
Legal choice to wanting care and understanding the complication
- under 18 yrs old, guardian has to give consent
Consent
Child can walk independently
12 months
Child transfers object between hands
7 months
Pincer grasp develop
10 months
Roll prone to supine
4 months
Tripod sit
6 months
Babies LOL
4 months
Babies babble
7-10 months
Babies squeal
6 months
Babies coo
2-3 months
- pulling and pushing toy
- climbing stairs with assistant
- should understand no
- turn book pages
- stack 4 cubes
- put things in slots
18 months
- kick ball
- run
- carry large toy while walking
- climb on and off furniture with no help
- stand on tippy toes
24 months or 2 yrs
- peddle tricycle
- hold pencil in writing position
- walk up and down stairs with alternating feet
- bend over easily without fallling
- copy circle
- ask why a lot - appropriate for cognitive dev
36 months or 3 yrs old
Concern about development
- can’t follow 2 step command
- can’t use 2 word sentence
- can’t follow basic instruction
- don’t imitate action
- don’t push or pull toys with wheels
30 months cognitive delay
- counting to 10
- speech is intelligible to others even if they’re not part of the family
- say name and address
- dress and undress self
- participates in long detailed convo
5 yrs old
Stage where stuttering is normal
- child can understand more words than they can communicate, brain is moving faster
- parents need to allow them to finish their sentence, don’t put attention to it as it’ll cause stress and worsen the stuttering
Late preschool stage
- don’t force them to eat, offer 3 meal and 2 snacks a day
- fat in diet, 20-30% intake after 2 yrs
- 1/4 adult serving
Toddler nutritional requirements
Need for muscle growth in adolescent
Iron, zinc, and calcium
Start at 4 months if extrusion reflex is gone
When infants are able to eat food
Food 6 months eat
Puréed food
Food to avoid for infants
- no solids before 4 months
- no cow’s milk until 12 months
- no fluoride in nutrients
Food to avoid for toddlers
Milk, citrusy fruits, wheat, honey, and egg whites
- set concrete rules
- consistency
- avoid corporal punishment (spanking)
- use positive reinforcement
Parenting strategies for preschoolers
- punishment matches actions
- don’t be extreme on punishment
- have them participate in making rules and their own punishment
Parenting strategies for adolescent
Theorist and what they’re known for
Erickson - psychosocial dev
Kohlberg - moral dev
Freud - psychosexual dev
Piaget - stages of dev
Erikson’s theory in order
Trust v mistrust - 1 yr
Autonomy v doubt - 2 yrs
Initiative v guilt - 3-5 yrs
Industry v inferiority - 6-12 years
Identify v role confusion - 13-18 yrs
Responding to their cry, chanting their diapers, interacting with them, holding them
Trust v mistrust
Believed that stages at continuum, not restricted by age
Kohberg
Why do school age children in conventional stage follow rules?
They’re being viewed as a good person
- obedience v punishment
- individualism and exchange
Pre-moral stage
- good boy and good girl
- law and order
Conventional stage
- social contract
- universal ethical principle
Post-conventional stage
- age 0-1 yr
- focus of libido is mouth
- development in feeding
- adult fixation - smoking, overeating, and biting nails
Freud’s oral stage
Sensorimotor - 0-2 yrs old
- start 4-7 months and well developed in 8 months
Object permanence
Pre-operational - 2-7 yrs old
Pretend play and egocentric
Concrete operational - 7-11yrs
Conservation math
Formal operational - 12+ yrs
Abstract and moral reasoning
When explaining things to toddlers…
Explain it in terms they understand
When can kids understand complex concepts and abstract reasoning
Adolescence
Age group that participate in animism
Preschoolers
- financial - don’t have money or insurance to cover care
- ethnic and sociocultural - minorities don’t get as good care as the majority
- healthcare delivery system - insurance doesn’t fully cover the care
- family dynamics - which family member as the right to consent
Barriers to care for children
