Pediatrition Flashcards
What is a neonate?
Birth - 30 days
What is an infant?
30 days - 1 year
What is a toddler?
1 year - 3 years
What is a child?
3 years - 12 years
What is an adolescent?
12 years - ?
What is a growth rate?
Weight per time (g/d or g/wk)
How does growth rate change as we age?
Slows down
What is the typical growth rate for a neonate?
20-30 g/day
How does fat percentage change based on age?
Fluctuates over time
How does protein percentage change based on age?
Increases over time
How does water percentage change based on time?
Decreases over time
How does fat percentage change for the composition of new growth based on age?
Decreases over time.
Important for neonatal and early infant period.
How does protein percentage change for the composition of new growth based on age?
Increases over time.
Important for toddlers.
How does water percentage for the composition of new growth based on age?
Typically increases over time
What is the organ that requires the most energy expenditure in a neonate?
The brain
What organ requires the most amount of fat in neonates?
The brain
What is basal metabolism?
Baseline energy used to sustain life
What is “energy use efficiency?”
How completely energy is used
How does growth affect energy expenditure?
Energy is needed to develop and grow
What is the metabolic response?
Energy needed to process intake
How is physical activity involved in energy expenditure factors?
Energy used for motion
What is thermoregulation?
Energy used to maintain temperature
How does hypothermia affect energy expenditure?
Normally caloric requirements are not changed b/c of slower processes and trying to maintain normal temperature; less energy is required.
How does hyperthermia affect energy expenditure?
More energy required; all processes pick up (HR, RR, metabolism)
How is energy expenditure changed in premature neonates?
Need more energy for stress and catch-up growth
How is energy expenditure changed in infants and children?
Quick estimation of energy requirements.
1000 kcal/d plus 100kcal for each year over 1 year of age
How is energy expenditure changed in adolescents?
Estimated 40 kcal/kg/d
What is the Energy expenditure equation for birth to 2 years?
EER = (89W - 100 + GF)
What is the energy expenditure equation for Boys aged 3-18 years?
EER = 88.5 - (61.9A) + PA(26.7W + 903H) + GF
What is the energy expenditure equation for girls aged 3-18 years?
EER = 135.3 - (30.8A) + PA(10W + 934H) + GF
As we get older, what happens to GF?
gets smaller as we get older
What happens to the PA as you become more active?
The more active you are, the higher the PA factor
What does GF stand for?
Growth factor
What does PA stand for?
Physical activity factor
How should energy expenditure relate to energy intake?
Energy expenditure should approximate energy intake in most scenarios
To use the stress factor, what value must the PA factor be?
1
How does the stress factor change as the patient becomes more stressed?
Increases
What measurements are required first to use a stress factor?
Multiple baseline energy requirement.
What are simple sugars?
Sucrose and Fructose
What are some concerns about sucrose?
Predisposition to obesity.
Predisposition to insulin resistance.
Risk factor for dental caries.
What are some concerns about fructose?
Slower brush border diffusion than glucose.
No stimulation of insulin secretion.
No enhancement or leptin production.
Easy conversion to hepatic triglycerides.
What are the effects of insoluble fibers?
Decreases gut transit time.
Increases stool bulk.
Increases stool water content.
What are examples of insoluble fibers?
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Lignin
What are examples of soluble fibers?
Pectins
Mucilages
Oat bran
What are the effects of soluble fibers?
Bind bile acids. Reduces lipid absorption. Reduces cholesterol absorption. Glows gastric emptying Slows rate of nutrient absorption.
What are the recommendations for dietary reference intake?
14 grams per 1000 kcal consumed
What percent of protein in neonates is used for growth?
80% of requirement.
Requirement is less, but of the protein they do require, they use more of it for growth.
What percent of protein in 1 year olds is used for growth?
20% of requirement.
Give more protein, but less for growth
