Pediatrics: Urinary

Question 1

Measures the level of urea in blood or how well the kidneys can clear urea from the bloodstream

Answer 1

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Question 2

Examination of the bladder and ureter openings

Answer 2

Cystoscopy

Question 3

When the bladder first forms in utero, it
is joined to the umbilicus by a narrow tube,
the urachus

Answer 3

Patent Urachus

Question 4

If this fails to close a fistula is left
between the bladder and umbilicus

Answer 4

Patent Urachus

Question 5

Assessment for Patent Urachus

Answer 5

1. Clear fluid draining from the base of the umbilical cord
2. it is acidic by nitrazine paper
3. Ultrasound confirmation

Question 6

Therapeutic Management for Patent Urachus

Answer 6

Surgical correction
Few heals spontaneously

Question 7

A midline closure defect that occurs
during the embryonic period of gestation (8th
weeks)

Answer 7

Exstrophy of the Bladder

Question 8

Bladder lies open and exposed on the
abdomen

Answer 8

Exstrophy of the Bladder

Question 9

Assessment of Exstrophy of the Bladder

Answer 9

1. Fetal ultrasound
2. bladder appears bright red and continually drains urine from open surface
3. Penis in males are unformed or malformed
4. Urethra in females are abnormally formed
5. Nonclosure of the pelvic arch
6. Waddling gait
7. Epispadias - opening of the urinary meatus on the dorsal or superior surface of the penis
8. Kidney infection

Question 10

Therapeutic Management of Exstrophy of the Bladder

Answer 10

Surgical closure of the bladder

Question 11

Urethral defect in which the urethral opening is not at the end of the penis but on the ventral aspect

Answer 11

Hypospadias

Question 12

Assessment of Hypospadias

Answer 12

Cryptorchidism - undescended testes

Short chordee-fibrous band that causes the penis to curve downward

Question 13

Therapeutic management of Hypospadias

Answer 13

Meatotomy surgical procedure in which the urethra is extended in the normal position

Analgesics and Antispasmodic after surgery

Daily injection of Testosterone
Testosterone cream

Question 14

Enlargement of the pelvis of the kidney with urine as a result of back pressure in the ureter

Answer 14

Hydronephrosis

Question 15

Hydronephrosis

Back pressure is caused by

Answer 15

Obstruction either of the ureter or of the point where the ureter joins with the bladder

Common in first 6 months of life

Question 16

Therapeutic Management of Hydronephrosis

Answer 16

Surgical correction of the obstruction before glomerular or tubular destruction occurs

Question 17

aka Postural Albuminuria

Answer 17

Postural (Orthostatic) Proteinuria

Question 18

Amount of spilling decreases when they rest in supine position

Answer 18

Postural (Orthostatic) Proteinuria

Question 19

inflammation of the kidneys

Answer 19

Glomerulonephritis

Question 20

Treatment/Management for Glomerulonephritis

Answer 20

Semi fowlers, oxygen inhalation, anti HPN drugs, bed rest, salt restriction, weigh daily, lasix, antibiotics are ineffective because the disease is caused by antigen antibody inflammatory response

Question 21

Occurs as a primary disease after acute glomerulonephritis was so mild and it was undiagnosed

Answer 21

Chronic Glumerulonephritis

Question 22

it includes Alport’s Syndrome - includes hearing loss and ocular changes in a progressive chronic GN inherited as a X-linked disorder

Answer 22

Chronic Glumerulonephritis

Question 23

Altered glomerular permeability due to fusion of the glomeruli membrane surfaces causes abnormal loss of protein in urine

Answer 23

Nephrosis

Question 24

Caused by hypersensitivity to an antigen-antibody reaction

Answer 24

Nephrosis

Question 25

3 forms of Nephrotic Syndrome

Answer 25

1. Congenital - occurs as an autosomal recessive disorder
2. Secondary progression of glomerulonephritis or Sickle Cell Anemia
3. Idiopathic unknown and rare