Pediatrics-Reflex and developmental milestones Flashcards
Rooting reflex
Stimulus: Touch side of their cheek
Response: Turning of head to side of stimulus with mouth open
Normal age of response:
28 weeks of gestation to 3 months
Moro reflex
Stimulus: Head dropping into extension suddenly for a few inches (feels like they are falling)
Response: open their arms (abduction)–> bring them back to their chest (horizontal adduction)+ cry
Normal age of response:
28 weeks of gestation to 5 months
Sucking reflex
Stimulus: Roof of mouth is touched
Response: Initiate sucking
Normal age of response:
28 weeks of gestation to 5 months
Plantar grasp reflex
Stimulus: Pressure to base of toes
Response: Toe flexion
Normal age of response:
28 weeks of gestation to 9 months
Stepping reflex
Stimulus: Supported upright position with soles of feet on a firm surface
Response: Reciprocal flexion/extension of legs (stepping motions)
Normal age of response:
38 weeks of gestation to 2 months
Palmar grasp reflex
Stimulus: Pressure in palm of hand on ulnar side
Response: Flexion of fingers causing strong grip
Normal age of response:
0-4 months
Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)
Stimulus: Head position, turned to one side
Response:
Face side: Arm and leg extend,
Scalp side: arm and leg flex
Normal age of response:
0-6 months
Tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR)
Stimulus: Head position (extension in supine; flexion in prone)
Response:
supine: body and extremities in extension
prone: body and extremities in flexion
Normal age of response:
0-6 months
Symmetrical tonic neck Reflex (STNR)
Stimulus: Head position, neck flexion or extension
Response:
head in flexion:
arms flexed and legs extended
head is in extension: arms extended and legs flexed
Normal age of response:
6-9 months
Babinski reflex
Stimulus: Stroking lateral aspect of the sole of the foot
Response: Fanning of toes and extension of great toe
Normal age of response:
1-2 years
0-3 months
Head control development
Develop ability to control head in all positions (e.g. able to turn head to follow toy in supine)
++ random kicking in supine
Head right and reflex stepping (when held in standing)
Pelvis and legs must be a stable base of support for prone propping
Requires full support in sitting
4-5 months
Pelvis and legs stabilize in prone and prop up on extended elbows
Feet to hands and mouth in supine
Good head control in supported sitting
Can weight bear if supported in standing
Able to follow objects (180 degrees) with eyes, laughing
5 months
Can roll from prone to supine
Demonstrates head control in supported sitting
6-7 months
7 months: sitting independently
Can roll from supine to prone
Have control of arms and upper trunk
Able to reach for an object
utilizing only one hand
Can roll from supine to prone
Independent getting into sitting
Sitting: uses hands for play and exploration
Standing with support with good alignment
Able to bounce in standing (this promotes mobility and walking)
May start commando (belly) crawling
8-9 months
9 mo: Crawling: on hands and knees
ease of movement
Can get into 4-point position from prone
Can pivot in sitting
Demonstrate rocking in 4 point which is the precursor to crawling
Can pull to stand at furniture
Able to stand at furniture, stand alone, cruise sideways
Can lower into sitting from supported standing
9 months:
Have control of lower trunk and pelvis
Able to transfer objects from one hand to another (fine motor behaviour)
10-11 months
No longer stays in prone and supine
Can stand hands free for a few seconds
Can crawl up stairs
Bear walks (hands and feet)
Can walk with hands held
Develops pincer grasp
12-15 months
Stand & Walk independently
12 months – holds a cup by handle while drinking
Throws a ball with whole body movement (not dissociated)
Walks backwards and sideways a few steps
16 – 24 months
Can squat and transition back up to standing
Walks up/down the stairs with handheld
Propel/steer push toys
Initiates kicking a ball
2-2.5 years
Walk on tiptoes
Jump with 2 feet
Stands on one foot
Controlled kick of a ball
Throw and catch a large ball
Running and ascend/descend stairs slowly
Rides tricycle
3-5 years
Becoming functionally independent
Climb stairs 1 foot/step
Walk a straight line with heel touching toe
Controlled faster running with controlled stop and jump/hop on 1 foot
Ride a bike
Throwing to targets
Somersaults
Dress and eat independently
Grasp Development
5-6 mo: Palmar grasp
7-8 mo: Raking grasp (finger flexion to make a bowl)
8-9 mo: Radial digital grasp (3 fingers: Thumb, I/F, M/F)
10-12 mo: Pincer grasp
