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NCLEX > Pediatrics > Flashcards

Pediatrics Flashcards

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1
Q

when does the anterior fontanel close

A

12-18 mths

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2
Q

when does the posterior fontanel close

A

2-3 months

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3
Q

why are foods introduced to infants one at a time

A

worried about allergies

also they have an immature GI track

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4
Q

what is the most common reason for failed toilet training

A

they are not ready

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5
Q

at what age does the best friend stage occur

A

9-10

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6
Q

what happens to the growth rate between 6-12 yrs of age

A

decreases

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7
Q

a school age child reqiuries hos many caloreis per day

A

2400

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8
Q

how many years earlier to girls go through puberty

A

1-2

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9
Q

what is the first step in assessing a child

A

observation

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10
Q

why should you talk to the parents before you talk to a child

A

to build a trusting relationship with the child

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11
Q

what is the progression of obtaining child VS

A

resps
HR
BP
temp

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12
Q

why is it important to count RR and HR for a full minute with children

A

because of irregularities

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13
Q

what should be done if you cant take VS without disturbing the child

A

record the behaviour with measurements

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14
Q

how should temperature be taken for children younger than 2 years

A

rectal

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15
Q

what is considered the most reliable form of temperature in children

A

rectal

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16
Q

when is rectal temperature contraindicated

A

in immunosuppresed children

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17
Q

when should axillay be done in children? what ages

A

all ages when an oral route is not possile

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18
Q

when can you start taking oral temps

A

ages 5-6

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19
Q

what do newborns brith - 1 years old respond to

A

human voice and presence

touch ash psitive effect

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20
Q

waht should nruses encourage for newborwns birth to 1 month

A

lots of touch

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21
Q

how do infants 1 month to 12 mths communicate

A

crying and facial expressions

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22
Q

what are infants age 1 - 12 months attentive to

A

human voice and presence

no comprehension of words

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23
Q

what do infants 1mth-12 mths respond to

A

touch through patting, rocking and stroking

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24
Q

what are nursing stategies for infants age 1-12mths

A

speack in high-pitched voice, cuddle,pat and rub to calm

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25
Q

what age do you start evolving verbal skills

A

toddlers and precschoolers age 1-5 yrs

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26
Q

do toddlers and preschoolers have greater expressive languate or receptive

A

receptive

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27
Q

what age group has concrete and literal thinking which may lead to mininterpreation of phrases

A

1-5 years

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28
Q

what is vocabulary dependent on with toddles and preschoolers age 1-5

A

development and family use

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29
Q

what age group asks a lot of why questions

A

preschoolar 1-5

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30
Q

what is the cognivie development of toddlers and preschoolsers

A

egocentric - world revovles around them
magical thinkiers
animism - think non living things behave like humans

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31
Q

what is the 2 forms of nonverbal communication for toddlers and preschools (1-5)

A

express themselves through paly and drawing

play is the work of the child

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32
Q

what age group is able to use logic

A

school-age children (6-12 years)

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33
Q

what age group can begin to undstand others points of view and casue and effect?

A

6-12

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34
Q

when does a child start to understand how the body functions

A

6-12

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35
Q

when are children able to interpret non verbal messages

A

6-12

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36
Q

adolescents age 13-18 can do abstract thinking hovere they cannot

A

have a full adult comprehension

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37
Q

what age is there a drive for independence and privarcy

A

13-18

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38
Q

what builds rapport with adolescencts

A

trust and understanding

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39
Q

what are some nursing strateiges for working with adolscents

A

straightforward approach
talk in private area
conduct at least part of the interivew without parents present

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40
Q

what is the most common type of croup expereinced by children admitted to the hospital

A

laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB)

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41
Q

what age group does larygnotracheobronchitis affect

A

children under 5 –> caused from viral infection

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42
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of larygnotracheobronchitis

A

slight to severe dyspnea
barkingor brassy cough
increased temp

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43
Q

can children with laryngotracheobronchitis be treated at home

A

yes

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44
Q

what are 3 ways that laryngoeobronchitis be treated at home

A

steam such as hot showers
car rides with teh windowns down at night
cool-termpature therapy assists by constricting blood vessels

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45
Q

if symptoms of laryngeobronchitis worsen whant is needed

A

epinephrine to constrict edematous blood vessls

corticiosteroids to reduce inflammation

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46
Q

what should not be confused with croup

A

epiglottis

47
Q

what is epiglottis

A

serous obstruvtive inflammatory process that occurs in chidlren age 2-5 years old

48
Q

what is the key difference between epiglottis and croup

A

epiglottis has no cough
prenece of dysphagia
rapid progression to severe repiratory distress

49
Q

do epiglottis kids or LTB (laryngeobronchitis) kids sound worse then they look

A

LTB

50
Q

do epiglottis kids or LTB kids look worse then they sound

A

epiglottis kids look worse then they sound

51
Q

what is an acute viral infecation athat affects the bronchioles

A

RSV

52
Q

what does RSV include?

A

RSV, bronchioligis

RSV pneumonia

53
Q

what is the leading cause of respiratory tract illness in children less than 2

A

RSV

54
Q

what vaccine is givne to children at high risk for RSV

A

palivizumab

55
Q

how is asthma differnt from RSV

A

asthma is inflammation and bronchoconstriction of airways resutling in obstrcution

56
Q

what is prolonged expiratory wheezing a sign of

A

ashtma

57
Q

what happens with cystic firbosis

A

thick sticky secretions everywhere

58
Q

what tow body systems are affected by CF

A

respiratory and GI

59
Q

what type of enzymes are given to help cysit fibrosis children

A

pancreatic –> take within 30 mins of eating

60
Q

what type of diet should a child with cystic firbosis have

A 
well balanced
high fat
high calorie 
high protein
water soluble vitamins (A, E,D, K)
61
Q

what type of stools does a patient with CF have

A

fatty frothy stools

62
Q

what is the diagnostic test for CF

A

sweat chloride

63
Q

what electrolyte imbalance are children with CF at risk for

A

hyponatremia

64
Q

in teh newborn what is the earliest sign of CF

A

meconium ileus

65
Q

what kind of disease is cystic firbosis

A

inherited disease –> must get the gene from both paresnts

66
Q

what types of infecations are children with down syndrome most at risk for

A

respiroatry becasue they have a poor immune system

67
Q

what is the most common type of birth defect associted with down syndrome

A

heart

68
Q

Hf in children is usually due to what

A

congenital heart defects

69
Q

what medications are used to treat HF in children

A

digoxin
ACE
furosemide

70
Q

what are the signs of dig toxicity in children

A

vomiting and bradycardia

71
Q

when should you hold a dose of dig for infants

A

if HR <110

72
Q

when should you hold a dose of digoxin for children

A

if the pulse is <70

73
Q

do infants ever get more than 1mL of digoxin

A

rarely

74
Q

waht is the normal digoxin level

A

0.8-1

75
Q

should you give a dose of digoxin is if ts 4 hours past due

A

no

76
Q

what should you do if two doses of digoxin are missed

A

hold the dose

77
Q

what is a good feeding schedule for a ehart baby

A

every 3 hours

78
Q

what time period should feedings be kept within for heart babies

A

no longer than 30 mintues

79
Q

what is the top concern for a client with a cleft palate, cleft lip, or both

A

nutrition

80
Q

when a baby is born with a cleft lip and palate which one doyou correct first

A

lip –> promotes bonding

81
Q

why do babies with a cleft lip or palate need to be purped frequently

A

because they swallow a lot of air and are at risk for abd distentions –> N/V

82
Q

what posisiton should cleft lip repair children be placed in

A

back or side lining dont want to put them prone because we are protecting the suture line

83
Q

what should you clean the suture line with for cleft lip pts

A

NS

84
Q

what type of restraing would you selfect after a cleft lip repair

A

elbow

85
Q

when is the best time for cleft palate repair to be doen

A

before speech develosp between ages 1-2

86
Q

waht is the difference between gastrophageal reflux and gastroesophageal reflux disease

A

GERD is the chronic form of GER - passage of gastric ontents into the esophgagus

87
Q

which is worse GERD or GER

A

GERD because its chronic and damages respiratory structures

88
Q

what type of feedings should be given to a GER GERD pt

A

small thickened

89
Q

waht is pyloric stenosis

A

enlarged pylorus resulting in projectile vomitng afeter feeding

90
Q

what is associated with an olive shpaed mass in teh epigastric region near the umbilicus

A

pyloric stenosis –> the enlarged pylorus

91
Q

how is pyloric stenosis diagnosed

A

U/S

92
Q

is sx done for pyloric stenosis

A

sometimes to open sphinchter

93
Q

what is it called when a peice of the bowel goes backwards inisde itself forming an obstruction

A

intussception

94
Q

what are the S& S of intussception

A 
sudden onset
crampingintermittent abd pain
drawing up of knees 
currant jelly stools 
drawing up of knees
95
Q

what procedure can soemtimes be doen to fix intussception

A

barium enema –> pressure of the enema will push the telescoped area back out

96
Q

what is celiac disease

A

genetic malabsorption disorder where there is a permanet intestinal intolerance to gluten

97
Q

what is the acronym for what celiacs cant have in their diet

A

BROW

Barley, rye, oats, wheat

98
Q

what is the acronym for what celiac disease patients can have

A

rice
corn
soy

99
Q

what is hirschsprung’s disease

A

congentital disease known as aganglonic megacolon –piece of intestine that has zero nerves —> results in mechanical obstruction

100
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of hirschprungs disease

A

constipation
abdominal distension
ribbon like stools that have a foul smell

101
Q

what is the treatmetn for hirschprungs disease

A

remove a portionof the bowel that is diseased

102
Q

what is the most common age of children affected by UTIs

A

2-24 montsh

103
Q

do males or females aged 2-24 montsh have a higher cahcne of developing a UTI

A

it is the same

104
Q

what pain scale is used for infants 2 montsh to seven years of age

A

FLACC

Face, Legs, Activity, crying and consolability

105
Q

what pain scale is used for childresn age 3 and up

A

wong baker pain rating scale –< facesw

106
Q

a numerical pain scale can be used for what ages

A

5 and up

107
Q

what are depressed eyes a symptom of in children

A

hydrocephalus

108
Q

what is a high-pitch cry indicative of

A

hydrocephalus

109
Q

what is the setting sun sign and what does it mean

A

white above the iris

hydrocephalus

110
Q

how do you collect a specifmen of pinworms for diagnosis

A

tape test to recutm early monring

111
Q

does the whole familyneed to be treated for pinworms

A

yes

112
Q

what virus causes mono

A

eb

113
Q

what is bad breath following a tonsilectomy indicative of

A

old blood in throat

114
Q

t or f children with otitis media should avoid chewing

A

t

NCLEX (10 decks)

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