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Medpsych: Final > Pediatrics > Flashcards

Pediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

what causes down syndrome?

A

extra copy of a #21 autosomal chromosome, making 47 chromosomes rather than typical 46

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2
Q

when can you test for down syndrome?

A

after 12 weeks of pregnancy

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3
Q

what are the symptoms of down syndrome?

A

mental retardation, congenital heart disease, ligamentous laxity, a characteristic facial appearance, and weak muscle tone (hypotonia) (what Ots work with)

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4
Q

how do OT’s tx peds with down syndrome?

A

self care (feeding, dressing)
fine and gross motor
positioning or adaptations

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5
Q

what are the symptoms of sickle cell anemia?

A

pain, strokes, delayed growth, increased risk of bacterial infections, gallstones andcholecystitis

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6
Q

what occurs to 02 during sickle cell anemia?

A

Difficult to keep oxygen
break down after 10-20 days
Shape change of RBCs so that they break and cause pain, damage and anemia

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7
Q

how do you detect/tx sickle cell anemia?

A

Detectable by blood screening at birth.

Symptomatic tx with penicillin

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8
Q

what are the types of sickle cell anemia?

A

Hemoglobin SS or Sickle Cell Anemia (most severe)
Hemoglobin SC Disease
Hemoglobin Sickle Beta-Thalasemia (common in asians)

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9
Q

what is PKU (PHENYLKETONURIA)?

A

genetic mutation causing metabolic disorder

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10
Q

what are the symptoms of PKU (PHENYLKETONURIA)?

A

severe mental retardation if untreated

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11
Q

how do you tx PKU (PHENYLKETONURIA?

A

phenylalanine-restrictive diet until age 10 years

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12
Q

what is tay sachs disorder?

A

Fatal degenerative nervous system disorder caused by absence of an enzyme
causing Toxic substances to accumulate in brain (mostly jews of east europe)

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13
Q

what are the symptoms of tay sachs?

A

loss of motor skills, exaggerated startle reaction to loud noises, seizures, vision and hearing loss, intellectual disability, paralysis and a cherry-red spot

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14
Q

how do OT’s help?

A

develop motor skills and support for child to have more fxnl life

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15
Q

what is diabetes?

A

Disorder of the pancreas affect the hormone insulin (cant break down glucose)

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16
Q

what is type 1 diabetes?

A

early onset, absolute insulin deficiency

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17
Q

how do you tx diabetes in peds?

A

Symptomatic, balance of food intake, exercise and insulin. Also, ensure satisfactory growth and emotional development

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18
Q

what are the complications of diabetes in peds?

A

Sensory loss, peripheral nerve damage, diabetic ketoacidosis, risk for infection, heart disease, retinopathy (blindness)

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19
Q

what are teratogens?

A

substances/factors that negatively affect the developing fetus such as: alcohol-FAS, drugs (like cocaine and opiates), hormones, chemicals, radiation

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20
Q

what are the effects of teratogens?

A

range from disastrous to mild depending on timing and amount or dosage as well as the genetic condition of the mother or embryo

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21
Q

what are teratogens caused by?

A

exposure to external substances, one-time exposure to an infection, lifestyle risk (tobacco, drugs, alcohol)

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22
Q

what are the symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

A 
low birth weight
small head circumference 
developmental delay
organ dysfx
facial abnormalities 
epilepsy
poor coordination/fine motor skills
poor socialization skills
learning difficulties
behavioral problems
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23
Q

how is syphilis given to a child?

A

Transmitted by the placenta or during delivery

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24
Q

what can happen to the 25% that survive birth after syphilis?

A

anemia, pneumonia, skin rash, bone inflammation, skeletal abnormalities, blindness, MR, seizures

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25
Q

what can happen to the 75% surviving birth?

A

no symptoms at birth and later: dental, skeletal abnormalities, blindness, MR and/or seizure disorders

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26
Q

what is TOXOPLASMOSIS?

A

Parasitic infection caused by protozoan contained in raw meat, cat feces and eggs of infected animals

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27
Q

What are effects of toxoplasmosis?

A 
Nervoussystemdamage
Skinrashes
Mentalretardation
Cerebralcalcification(hardeningofbraintissue)
Liverdamage
Eyeproblems
Fetal death
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28
Q

what is rubella?

A

airborn infection that can last up to 2 years

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29
Q

what are the symptoms of rubella?

A 
Low birth weight
Intrauterine growth retardation
Blindness
Deafness 
Microcephalus 
CNS disorders 
Heart defects 
Thyroid disease
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30
Q

what is CYTOMEGALOVIRUS? how long is it carried for?

A

Herpes family- infants born with it will carry the virus for up to 2 years

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31
Q

what are the disabilities caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS?

A

1 in 5 will have permanent disabilities, such as hearing loss, vision loss, mental disability, small head size, lack of coordination, seizures, and death

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32
Q

what are the symptoms of herpes virus?

A

prematurity, CNS, eye lesions or even death

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33
Q

how do mothers transmit herpes to child?

A

Transmitted through the placenta on delivery

risk of transmission varies

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34
Q

what are the levels of herpes virus?

A

mild: skin and mucus membrane lesions
severe: organs and systems involvement causing growth delay, brain atrophy, scarring, retinal lesions

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35
Q

what are the types of herpes?

A

Type I: sores at the mouth (milder)

Type II: genital sores

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36
Q

what are the ways that an HIV-positive mother can transmit HIV to her baby ?

A

During pregnancy
During vaginal childbirth
Through breastfeeding

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37
Q

what is the % that an HIV-positive mother who is not treated for her HIV?

A

25%

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38
Q

how can a baby be diagnosed in utero or as infants?

A

PCR assays or HIV culture can identify at birth about one-third of infants, approximately 90 percent of HIV-infected infants are identifiable by 2 months of age, and 95 percent by 3 months of age
baby may have residual HIV DNA even if not positive

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39
Q

what is the incidence of children who develop HIV?

A

20 % develop serious disease (opportunistic infection) in 1st year of life; most die by 4

80 % have a slower rate of disease progression, many not developing the most serious symptoms of AIDS until school entry/adolescence

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40
Q

what are the symptoms and issues of HIV positive children?

A

pneumonia = leading cause of death in children with AIDS.

Infections cause severe diaper rash + infections in the mouth/throat make eating difficult, seizures, fever, recurrent colds, chronic diarrhea, dehydration, and problems that result in extended hospital stays and nutritional problems

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41
Q

what is epilepsy?

A

Repeated occurrence of seizure activity without evident time-limited cause and the incidents seem to decrease with age

42
Q

how is epilepsy caused?

A

can be Idiopathic or acquired (tumor, trauma, scar)

43
Q

what are the classifications for epilepsy?

A

partial seizure
generalized seizure
unclassified epileptic seizure

44
Q

what are the 3 factors used to diagnose epilepsy?

A

Clinical manifestation
EEG patterns during seizure activity
EEG patterns between seizure activity

45
Q

what causes congenital heart disease?

A 
structural abnormalities i.e...
Ventricular/Atrial septal defect.
Aortic stenosis (block)
Pulmonic stenosis.
Coarctation of the aorta.
Atrioventricular canal defect
Tricuspid atresia
Hypoplastic left heart: left side of heart is severely underdeveloped
46
Q

what are the risk factors of congenital heart disease?

A

intrauterine infection (e.g. rubella)
drugs and toxins taken by the mother (lithium and alcohol)
genetic conditions (Down’s syndrome, DiGeorge syndrome and Turner’s syndrome)
maternal diabetes mellitus or phenylketonuria

47
Q

what are the symptoms of congenital heart disease?

A

Murmurs, Tachycardia, Heart failure, difficulty feeding, and failure to thrive, Shortness of breath, sudden collapse

48
Q

what is the prognosis of congenital heart disease?

A

78% of the babies born with congenital heart disease today will survive into adulthood

49
Q

what is Bradydysrhythmia? what is the tx?

A

slow heart rate. Needs pacemaker

50
Q

what is Tachydysrhythmia?

A

fast heart rate

51
Q

what is a conduction disturbance? what is the tx?

A

random heart rate. Needs pacemaker.

52
Q

what is the perinatal period?

A

28 week of gestation to 28 day of newborn life

53
Q

what is considered premature labor?

A

If labor begins prior to 36 weeks gestation

54
Q

what are the classifications for premature birth?

A

AGA: birth weight appropriate for gestational age
SGA: birth weight small for gestational age
LGA: birth weight large for gestational age

55
Q

what are the birth weight categories?

A

extremely low: 2.3 lbs

average: 5.8 lbs

56
Q

what are examples of neonatal respiratory problems?

A

Apnea: air sacs cant collapse b/c no surfactant
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD): fluid collects in lungs
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN): BP in lungs does not decrease at birth as normal
Pneumonia
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

57
Q

what occurs during apnea?

A

Absence of spontaneous breathing - respiratory pause for more than 15-20 seconds

May be accompanied by a slow heart rate (bradycardia)

58
Q

what is the cause of apnea?

A

CNS immaturity

59
Q

what is the most common heart problem in premature babies?

A

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

60
Q

what occurs during Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) ?

A

Ductus arteriosus doesn’t close so blood doesn’t flow correctly.
Cause the lungs to not work properly

61
Q

how do you tx Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?

A

drug tx can help close the passageway.

If that doesn’t work, surgery can also close it

62
Q

how do you prevent trauma in premature babies?

A

limited handling and disturbance is routine in the NICU

63
Q

what should OT know when txing premature babies?

A

Assess what is necessary. OT shouldn’t over stimulate. Allow time for response. Know physical signs of stress and disengagement (coloring, gaze aversion, hiccups, gagging)

64
Q

what is the goal of intervention when txing premature babies?

A

educate the parents to be the best caregiver to maximize development of the baby

65
Q

what is Gastroesophogeal Reflux (GER)?

A

Absent or delayed swallowing or choking, gargling noise shortly after feeding, frequent spit-ups, vomiting

child may defensively restrict eating or moving

66
Q

what can an OT detect in an infant that has Gastroesophogeal Reflux (GER)?

A

notice delays in movement and activity level

67
Q

how does RH incompatibility occur?

A

Each blood type has an antigen which controls immune response. RH is an antigen factor. If a child and father share the RH factor and the mother does not the infant and mother’s blood is incompatible

68
Q

how do you TX RH incompatibility?

A

doesnt occur until delivery time

RH immunoglobulin can be administered in utero to prevent erythroblastosis fetalis RH or hemolytic disease

69
Q

what are the symptoms of RH incompatibility?

A

anemia, jaundice, enlarged liver and spleen, severe edema (swelling) of the entire body and difficulty breathing

70
Q

what does pneumonia often accompany?

A

other diseases, like influenza, HIV, measles, irritant gases, bronchial obstruction

71
Q

which pneumonia is fatal?

A

Streptococcal pneumonia

72
Q

which infection is the most common and severe in children under 3?

A

Parainfluenza infection because of the child’s small larynx, swelling leads to a croup or barking cough

73
Q

how do you tx pneumonia?

A

antibiotics

74
Q

what is the most common cause of diarrhea in children?

A

rotavirus that can affect intestinal absorption for periods of two months

75
Q

what is Chronic diarrhea is associated with?

A

cognitive impairments

76
Q

what is important for professionals to be aware of with children suffering from diarrhea?

A

universal precautions and prevention of spreading in day care and schools

77
Q

what are Common infectious life threatening diseases of childhood ?

A

meningitis and encephalitis

78
Q

what are the results of long term effects of infections?

A

brain cell destruction secondary to complications (edema, etc) of the disease

79
Q

what are effects of infections?

A

hearing deficit, seizures, language disorders, MR, motor abnormalities, visual impairments, behavior and learning disorders, attention deficits and developmental regression

80
Q

what is guillain-barre syndrome?

A

very rare Autoimmune disorder that affects nerves

looks like polio

81
Q

what are the symptoms of guillain-barre syndrome?

A

muscle weakness, numbness, pain, sometimes temporary paralysis of muscles in the face, legs and chest

82
Q

when do OT’s work with guillain-barre syndrome?

A

when the child in medically stable, work on restoring fx

83
Q

what is asthma?

A

Swelling in bronchioles causing them to become more strained b/c of inflammation and Increased responsiveness to stimulation of the tracheobronchial tree in reaction to a variety of stimuli

84
Q

what are the symptoms of asthma?

A

wheezing
coughing
labored breathing

85
Q

what are the triggers of asthma?

A

allergens, exercise, cold, stress. Can be viral (RSV)

86
Q

how does asthma affect a child long term?

A

Occurs in acute episodes. But Is chronic disorder

87
Q

how do fractures occur in in children?

A

May be associated with trauma or conditions such as Osteogenesis imperfecta (a genetic disorder characterized by brittle bones)

88
Q

what is recommended for children with Osteogenesis imperfecta ?

A

exercise as much as possible to promote muscle and bone strength, which can help prevent fractures.
Swimming and water therapy are common exercise choices
Maintain a healthy weight and eating a nutritious diet

89
Q

what is anemia?

A

low hemoglobin count with reduced red blood cells

90
Q

what are the symptoms of anemia?

A

pale, bruising, inactive, lethargic, may lead to heart problems of tachycardia and congestive heart failure

91
Q

what can anemia affect?

A

global development

92
Q

when does anemia occur?

A

at any age ie…
Children who are vegetarians
Female adolescents starting their periods

93
Q

what is otitis media?

A

Acute or Chronic infection of the middle ear

94
Q

what is otitis media caused by?

A

Often caused by bacteria, but can also be caused by viruses

95
Q

what are the symptoms of otitis media?

A

pulling at ears, excessive crying, fluid draining from ears, sleep disturbances, fever, headaches, problems with hearing, irritability, difficulty balancing and problems with hearing

96
Q

what is the tx of otitis media?

A

Antibiotics, Surgical treatment may include myringoplasty (repair of the eardrum perforation alone) or tympanoplasty (repair of the eardrum and surgery involving the bones of the inner ear

97
Q

what is the leading cause of death in children?

A

cancer

98
Q

what are the common types of cancer?

A

Leukemia
Lymphomas
Brain tumors
Sarcomas

99
Q

what are the complications of childhood cancer?

A

Infection

Psychological issues

100
Q

what affects how children respond to challenges, crisis?

A

temperament and environment

101
Q

what are this issues faced during prolonged hospitalization?

A

Fear of death
school age child loss of peer contact/rejection
developmental regression
sensory motor deprivation
physical de-conditioning and the effects on self-esteem
poor strength and endurance
delays in normal or typical activity

Medpsych: Final (5 decks)

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