Pediatrics Flashcards
What is an ↑ in physical size
Growth
What is an ↑ in capability or function
Development
Are chronological age and dev. Age the same
No - two different things
What type of development moves from the HEAD DOWNWARD through the body and TOWARDS THE FEET
Cephalocaudal dev.
What type of development moves from the CENTER of the BODY OUTWARD to the EXTREMITIES
Proximodistal development
What is the “work” of kids
Play
Think about their DISEASE when choosing toys
- Ex: heart defect → toy excites them →↑ HR = BAD
***NEVER want to ↑WORKLOAD on the heart with heart disease clients - toy for 5 month old → rattle (not CD music, stuffed animal or puzzle)
______________________ have an INVOLUNTARY GRASP REFLEX
Newborns
Activities for an I1 year old in the hospital
Video games, coin collecting, watching tv,reading books
Should an 11 year old hospitalized kid have frequent visits from friends
NO → safety/infection risks
At what age does the anterior fontanel close
12-18 months
At what age does the posterior fontanel close
2-3 months
How should you introduce new foods and why
1 at a time
**ALLERGIES (big risk) and immature GI tract
Why are peanuts specifically SO DANGEROUS
When WET they SWELL & crumble
Ventrogluteal IM shots are CONTRAINDICATED in who
Children who have NOT been WALKING for at least 1 year
** muscle is NOT developed enough
How do you look at a Childs ears
Pull DOWN AND BACK
What is the most common reason for failed potty training
Not ready
How many cups of milk should a 15 month old have per day
2-3 cups/day
What age do children experience the”best friend” stage
9-10 years old
Suffocation, MVA & drowning are the leading causesof death for….
Infants up to 1 year old
Can you put a car seat in the front seatbof a car
No → airbags
Where should you place infants < 20 lbs (9 kg) in the car
Middle back seat, rear facing, semi-reclined
**
Provides the best support to their heavy head and weak neck
What type of car seat should you have from 12-23 months
CONERTIBLE car seat for AGE & WEIGHT
***CAN FACE FORWARD → YES
Regardless of age a car seat should be used until a child weighs AT LEAST how many lbs.
30 lbs (or 13.6kg)
Can you paddings in the carseat
NEVER PUT PADDING IN A CARSEAT under or behind an infant In a car seat or a child
** suffocation risk
From what ages do kids need booster seats
4-8 years old
What can occur from being left in a car when it’s >80F (26.4 C) out
Hypothermia
Why does hypothermia develop rapidly in infants
They cannot regulate their body temperature
Common reasons infants are forgotten in cars
New routine, busy schedule, phones & distractions
What is the major cause of severe accidental injury in kids 6-12 years old
MVA
When does the growth rate start to decline in children
Ages 6-12
How many calories does the average school aged child require
2,400 cals/day
How much earlier do girls experience adolescence than boys
1-2 years earlier
What should you ALWAYS start a pediatric assessment with
Observation
Put in order the steps of taking pediatric vital signs/assessment
- Observation
- Distraction techniques
- VS (in specific order)
- O2 sat
What is the correct order of taking vitals in a pediatric client,
A. LEAST INVASIVE 1st
B. Observe before touching or talking
C. Order of VS
1. Respirations
2. heart rate
3. BP
4. Temp.
5. O2 sat.?
D. For infants and toddlers always count RR & HR for ONE FULL MIN. Lr/t irregularities due to their immature nervous system)
E. If vital signs can’t be taken without disturbing the child, then record the behavior with the measurements
F. Temp.
1. Rectal- MOST RELIABLE for infants & kids
**NO rectal temps. in newborns → too RISKY & may PERFORATE their anus
**CONTRAINDICATED in any child with→diarrhea, rectal lesions, receiving chemo., immunosupressed or have no rectum
***IMPERFORATE ANUS or anorectal malformation → no rectum
2. Axillary- may be done in ALL AGES when oral route isn’t possible
3. Oral- start at 5-6 YEARS
4. Tympanic-ALL AGES
**ALWAYS note WHERE temp. Was taken
**DO NOT add or subtract a degree
What obtains a “picture” of the blood oxygen levels through the skin
O2 sat.
A. Check perfusions, skin temp. & edema to determine the best location
B. Common sites are FINGERS & TOES
C. O2 sat. should CORRELATE WITH PULSE
_______________ primarily express communication non-verbally; express emotions through crying; respond to human voice & presence; touch has a positive effect → encourage parent to touch
Newborns
What is the age-range for newborns
Birth - 1 month
What months are the infancy stages
1-12 months
__________ primary communication is nonverbal still; begins verbal communication with localization, starting with REPEATING CONSONANTS; attentive to human voice and presence but minimal comprehension of words; respond to touch through patting, rocking, stroking; nursing → speak in gentle voice, cuddle,pat; rub to calm and encourage parents
Infants
__________________ have evolving verbal, skills; include ages 1-5 years; form 3-4 word sentences called TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH; CONCRETE & LITERAL thinkers; vocab. Depends on development & family; asks a lot of questions; short attention span
Toddlers and preschoolers
What age ranges are toddlers and preschoolers
1-5 years old
What is a toddlers cognitive dev. Like
** egocentric
** magical thinking
** animism
** object permanence
Nonverbal dev.: expression through dramatic play and drawing; PLAY is their WORK
How old are school aged children
6-12 years old
Cognitive dev. in school aged children
- Able to use LOGIC
*BEGINNING to understand others P.O.V. - beginning to understand CAUSE & EFFECT
- developing an understanding of body functions
Verbal communication in school aged children
- Big vocab
*RECEPTIVE & EXPRESSIVE language is more balanced
*MISINTERPRETATION of phrases is still common
Non-verbal communication of school aged kids
- Can interpret non-verbal-messages
- expression of thoughts & feelings
What age are adolescents
13-18 years old
______________ have abstract thinking WITHOUT full adult comprehension; interpretation of medical terms is limited; strive for INDEPENDENCE; trust and build RAPPORT; need for PRIVACY; nursing → straight-forward approach, talk in private, ask parent to leave, to interview the client alone
Adolescents (13-18 years old)
