Pediatrics #1: Development & Milestones

Question 1

Erickson Stages: Infant (Birth to 12 months)

Answer 1

Trust vs. Mistrust

Question 2

Erick: Toddler (12 months to 3 years)

Answer 2

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Question 3

Erick: Preschooler (3 to 6 years)

Answer 3

Initiative vs. Guilt

Question 4

Erick: School-age (6 to 12 years)

Answer 4

Industry vs. Inferiority

Question 5

Erick: Adolescent (12 to 20 years)

Answer 5

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Question 6

Erick: Young Adult (20 to 40 years)

Answer 6

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Question 7

Erick: Middle-Age (40 to 65 years)

Answer 7

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Question 8

Older Adult (65+ years)

Answer 8

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Question 9

Infant reflexes: reflexes babies are born with (2)

Answer 9

Tells us how well their nervous system is functioning and developing
Will go away after a period of time as their neurological system develops

Question 10

Stepping reflex (2)

Answer 10

Held upright with one foot touching a flat surface → Baby will step alternatively.

fades by 4 weeks.

Question 11

Tonic neck reflex (2)

Answer 11

Manual rotation of the infant’s head to one side → The infant will extend its arm to the side of the rotated face, and flex the contralateral arm.

Disappears after 3-4 months.

Question 12

Moro reflex (2)

Answer 12

Protective response to abrupt disruption of body balance, elicited by pulling up on arms of infant in supine position and releasing (infant experiences sensation of falling) → Infant will abduct at the shoulder and extension at the elbow, spread their fingers, and then immediate flexion of the upper extremities and an audible cry.

Disappears after 3-4 months.

Question 13

Babinski reflex (2)

Answer 13

Elicited by stroking the sole of the foot from the heel upward across the ball of the foot → Causes all toes to fan.

Disappears after 1 year.

Question 14

Palmar grasp reflex (2)

Answer 14

When you apply pressure on a newborn’s palm - elicits a grasp.

Fades after 3-4 months

Question 15

Rooting and sucking reflex (2)

Answer 15

When infant turns towards any object touching or stroking their cheek or mouth, and opens their mouth and begins to suck rhymically when a finger or nipple is inserted into the mouth.

Disappears by 4-7 months

Question 16

Plantar grasp reflex (2)

Answer 16

When you apply pressure on the sole behind the toes and it elicits flexion.

Disappears after 8 months.

Question 17

Childhood Growth: Infants wt & inches (2)

Answer 17

Double birth weight by 5 months; triple birth weight by 1 year.

Grow 10 (25.4 cm) inches during first year

Question 18

Childhood Growth: Preschool (2)

Answer 18

Gain 4.4 lb (2 kg) and

grow 2 inches (5.1 cm) per year

Question 19

School age: growth (2)

Answer 19

Gain 4.4 lb (2 kg)

grow 2 inches (5.1 cm) per year

Question 20

Adolescents growth (2)

Answer 20

Gain 4.4 to 6.6 lb (2 to 3 kg) and

grow 3 to 4 inches (7.6 to 10.2 cm) per year

Question 21

Psychosocial and Cognitive Development: Infant (3)

Answer 21

By 3 months, smiles at parents;

stranger anxiety begins by about 7 months;

by 9 months, says “dada”

Question 22

Psychosocial and Cognitive Development: Preschool (3)

Answer 22

Decreased tantrums;

imitates adult patterns and roles;

by 5 years, beginning cooperative play (before this, “parallel play” - playing alongside rather than WITH peers)

Question 23

Psychosocial and Cognitive Development: School aged (2)

Answer 23

Begins logical thought patterns;

sensitive to criticism;

by 7 years, enjoys team sports/activities

Question 24

Psychosocial and Cognitive Development: Adolescents (2)

Answer 24

Body image is very important, as are peer relationships/peer pressure;

moodiness and conflict with adults may occur

Question 25

Children develop strength and ability in a ______ ________

Answer 25

cephalocaudal direction

From head to toe
Trunk to peripheral
Gross to fine

Question 26

Milestones: Starting at 21 months (1)

Answer 26

readiness for toilet training

Question 27

Milestones: 3 years (2)

Answer 27

Undresses without help

Copies a circle

Question 28

Milestones: 4 years (2)

Answer 28

Throws overhead

Brushes teeth

Question 29

Milestones: 5 years (1)

Answer 29

Dresses without help

Question 30

Milestones: 6 years (1)

Answer 30

Ties knots

Question 31

Milestones: 8 years (2)

Answer 31

Eye development complete

Fine motor for handwriting

Question 32

Voluntary anal and urethral sphincter control achieved between _____ & ______ Months

Answer 32

18 & 24

Question 33

3 markers that indicate child’s readiness to toilet train (3)

Answer 33

Awareness of the urge to void or defecate
Interest in or motivation to use toilet
Dry for at least 2 hours during the day

Question 34

Toilet training info (2)

Answer 34

Nighttime bladder control takes several months to years after daytime training begins

Bladder training is accomplished AFTER bowel training - the sensation for defecation is stronger than for urination, easier for child to recognize