Pediatrics #1: Development & Milestones Flashcards
Erickson Stages: Infant (Birth to 12 months)
Trust vs. Mistrust
Erick: Toddler (12 months to 3 years)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Erick: Preschooler (3 to 6 years)
Initiative vs. Guilt
Erick: School-age (6 to 12 years)
Industry vs. Inferiority
Erick: Adolescent (12 to 20 years)
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Erick: Young Adult (20 to 40 years)
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Erick: Middle-Age (40 to 65 years)
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Older Adult (65+ years)
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Infant reflexes: reflexes babies are born with (2)
Tells us how well their nervous system is functioning and developing
Will go away after a period of time as their neurological system develops
Stepping reflex (2)
Held upright with one foot touching a flat surface → Baby will step alternatively.
fades by 4 weeks.
Tonic neck reflex (2)
Manual rotation of the infant’s head to one side → The infant will extend its arm to the side of the rotated face, and flex the contralateral arm.
Disappears after 3-4 months.
Moro reflex (2)
Protective response to abrupt disruption of body balance, elicited by pulling up on arms of infant in supine position and releasing (infant experiences sensation of falling) → Infant will abduct at the shoulder and extension at the elbow, spread their fingers, and then immediate flexion of the upper extremities and an audible cry.
Disappears after 3-4 months.
Babinski reflex (2)
Elicited by stroking the sole of the foot from the heel upward across the ball of the foot → Causes all toes to fan.
Disappears after 1 year.
Palmar grasp reflex (2)
When you apply pressure on a newborn’s palm - elicits a grasp.
Fades after 3-4 months
Rooting and sucking reflex (2)
When infant turns towards any object touching or stroking their cheek or mouth, and opens their mouth and begins to suck rhymically when a finger or nipple is inserted into the mouth.
Disappears by 4-7 months
Plantar grasp reflex (2)
When you apply pressure on the sole behind the toes and it elicits flexion.
Disappears after 8 months.
Childhood Growth: Infants wt & inches (2)
Double birth weight by 5 months; triple birth weight by 1 year.
Grow 10 (25.4 cm) inches during first year
Childhood Growth: Preschool (2)
Gain 4.4 lb (2 kg) and
grow 2 inches (5.1 cm) per year
School age: growth (2)
Gain 4.4 lb (2 kg)
grow 2 inches (5.1 cm) per year
Adolescents growth (2)
Gain 4.4 to 6.6 lb (2 to 3 kg) and
grow 3 to 4 inches (7.6 to 10.2 cm) per year
Psychosocial and Cognitive Development: Infant (3)
By 3 months, smiles at parents;
stranger anxiety begins by about 7 months;
by 9 months, says “dada”
Psychosocial and Cognitive Development: Preschool (3)
Decreased tantrums;
imitates adult patterns and roles;
by 5 years, beginning cooperative play (before this, “parallel play” - playing alongside rather than WITH peers)
Psychosocial and Cognitive Development: School aged (2)
Begins logical thought patterns;
sensitive to criticism;
by 7 years, enjoys team sports/activities
Psychosocial and Cognitive Development: Adolescents (2)
Body image is very important, as are peer relationships/peer pressure;
moodiness and conflict with adults may occur
Children develop strength and ability in a ______ ________
cephalocaudal direction
From head to toe
Trunk to peripheral
Gross to fine
Milestones: Starting at 21 months (1)
readiness for toilet training
Milestones: 3 years (2)
Undresses without help
Copies a circle
Milestones: 4 years (2)
Throws overhead
Brushes teeth
Milestones: 5 years (1)
Dresses without help
Milestones: 6 years (1)
Ties knots
Milestones: 8 years (2)
Eye development complete
Fine motor for handwriting
Voluntary anal and urethral sphincter control achieved between _____ & ______ Months
18 & 24
3 markers that indicate child’s readiness to toilet train (3)
Awareness of the urge to void or defecate
Interest in or motivation to use toilet
Dry for at least 2 hours during the day
Toilet training info (2)
Nighttime bladder control takes several months to years after daytime training begins
Bladder training is accomplished AFTER bowel training - the sensation for defecation is stronger than for urination, easier for child to recognize
