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Genetics > Pediatric Pathology > Flashcards

Pediatric Pathology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Developmental age

A

age from date of fertilization to date of intrauterine death or live birth

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2
Q

Gestational age

A

2 weeks more than developmental age

age from LMP to expulsion or removal of conceptus

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3
Q

Embryonal period vs fetal period

A

period of development of major organ systems - conception to end of 8th developmental week, fetal period is from 9th week to birth

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4
Q

perinatal period

A

28+ weeks GA - to first week after birth

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5
Q

Spontaneous abortion applies to

A

fetuses <20 weeks GA, NOT dev age

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6
Q

Still birth

A

> 20 weeks GA OR fetus >500g
AND
NO sign of life

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7
Q

Causes of spontaneous abortions

A

1) chromosomal - 50%
2) Implantation - luteal phase deficiency/ectopic
3) infection - chorioamnionitis
4) incompatibility - MHC homozygosity
5) maternal illness
6) placental pathology -

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8
Q

causes of stillbirth

A
  • NOT identified in 50% of cases
  • Intrauterine asphyxia
  • maternal causes
  • placental causes
  • Fetal factors - hydrops
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9
Q

Intrauterine asphyxia with fetal demise results in

A

1- thoracic petechiae
2- visceral congestion
3- Hypoxic ischemic injury

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10
Q

Intrauterine asphyxia with fetal demise results in

A

1- thoracic petechiae
2- visceral congestion
3- Hypoxic ischemic injury

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11
Q

Intrauterine asphyxia with survival leads to

A

Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy -

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12
Q

Toxemia of pregnancy includes

A
  • preeclapmsia
  • eclampsia
    HELLP syndrome
    pregnancy induced hypertension
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13
Q

Shared circulation is the case for

A

monochorionic diamnionic,

monochorionic monoamnionic

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14
Q

Acute chorioamnionitis is due to

A

blood-borne infection in mother, causes chronic villitis, due to TORCH organisms
MATERNAL RESPONSE to infection

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15
Q

placental abruption is due to

A

.damage to the maternal spiral arteries

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16
Q

Preeclampsia most common in

A

3rd trimester

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17
Q

Kleihauer Betke test

A

estimates the volume of HbF RBCs in maternal circulation

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18
Q

2 most common routes of infection

A
  1. maternal hematogenous

2. ascending amniotic

19
Q

Greatest risk for fetal consequences if infected with rubella

A

First trimester

20
Q

Premature
term mature
post-mature

A

42

21
Q

Neonatal period is from

A

birth to one month of age

22
Q

Neonatal mortality is inversely related to

A

gestational age

23
Q

Most contributing factor for neonatal mortality is

A

prematurity/LBW and congenital/genetic anomalies

24
Q

Alveolar collapse is prevented by

A

residual air -40% of volume and

a marked increase in pulmonary blood flow

25
Q

surfactant produced by

A

Type 2 pneumocyte

26
Q

When does surfactant appear?

A

28-32 weeks GA, mature levels at 35

27
Q

Normal levels of surfactant when

A

lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio > 2

28
Q

Prematurity causes

A

1) premature rupture of membranes
2) Chorioamnionitis - 25% of prems
3) placenta previa /multiple gestation

29
Q

Hyaline membrane disease is

A

acute injury to alveoli and bronchioles

  • epithelial necrosis, losing fluid
  • form membranes lining distal air space
30
Q

Highest incidence of HMD is

A

in GA <28 weeks

31
Q

causes of hyaline membrane disease

A

1- deficiency of surfactant
- congenital pneumonia/sepsis
group B strep
- etc

32
Q

Pathology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia

A
  • pulmonary fibrosis
  • arrest in acini development
  • squamous metaplasia of resp epithelium
  • smooth muscle hyperplasia
33
Q

Prognosis of HMD dependant on

A

dependent on GA and birth weight

34
Q

causes of NEC

A
  • poor perfusion - congenital heart defect

- bacterial invasion through damaged mucosa

35
Q

Pathology of NEC

A

1- begins at bowel mucosa - goes full thickness
2- mucosa bleeds - pass bloody stool
3- bubbles of gas from invading bact- pneumatosis intestinalis
4- necrosis - > bowel perforattion, peritonitis and bacteria

36
Q

Pathogenesis of HMD

A

1- decreased surfactant (increased surface tension and atelectasis)
2- Hypoxemia CO2 retention
3- acidosis
4- vasoconstrction and hypoperfusion
- endothelial and epithelial cell damage -
- plasma leak into alveoli -> fibrin and necrotic cells

37
Q

Risk factors for SIDS

A 
.prone or side sleep
- soft surface/loose bedding
maternal smoking
overheating
late or no prenatal care
young maternal age
prematurity 
male gender
38
Q

causes of cholestasis

A

1) anatomic abnormality of liver/biliary system
2) metabolic disoder
3) infection - TORCH
4) genetic
5) toxic injury
6) hypoxic/ischemic
7) idiopathic/neonatal

39
Q

clinical presentation of biliary atresia

A

jaundice at 4-8 weeks (perinatal form)

jaundice from birth (20% fetal form)

40
Q

Pathology of biliary atresia

A

inflammation, necrosis, fibrosis

41
Q

Prognosis and treatment of biliary atresia

A

.resection and reconstruction or liver transplant

42
Q

SIDS

A
  • under 12 months of age
  • occurs during sleep
  • unexplained
  • most common 1-12 months cause of death
43
Q

most common causes of sustained cholestasis

A

1) biliary atrsia
2) idiopathic neonatal hepatitis
3) a1-antitrypsin deficiency

Genetics (6 decks)

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