Pediatric Nephrology

Question 0

What is the Barker hypothesis?

Answer 0

• low birth weight is associated with hypertension, stroke, CHD, T2DM

Question 1

What is oligohydramnios? What is polyhydramnios?

Answer 1

• oligohydramnios: lack of amniotic fluid

- polyhydramnios: too much amniotic fluid, could indicate fetal DI, Bartter’s syndrome

Question 2

What is the main determinant of creatinine in children?

Answer 2

• height

Question 3

What is a better marker of GFR than creatinine in children?

Answer 3

• Cystatin C

Question 4

What is happening in minimal change disease? How do you treat it?

Answer 4

• destruction of podocytes
• disruption of the filtration system
• treat with prednisone

Question 5

What ages does nephrotic syndrome typically occur in children?

Answer 5

• 2-12 years

Question 6

What is the second most common diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 6

• focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Question 7

What is the most likely diagnosis if you get nephrotic syndrome in your first year of life?

Answer 7

• CNS-Finnish type

Question 8

How do you treat childhood nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 8

• 6 weeks of prednisone 60 mg/m2/day

Question 9

What is the most likely explanation for children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 9

• congenital mutation of the podocyte structural proteins (nephrin)

Question 10

What are two things that children with CKD get earlier than adults with CKD?

Answer 10

• hypertension
• bone disease
• FTT

Question 11

What is cystinosis?

Answer 11

• accumulation of cysteine in kidneys and eyes

- most common cause of Fanconi syndrome in children

Question 12

How do you treat cystinosis?

Answer 12

• fluid/electrolyte replacement
• cysteamine
• growth hormone (for FTT)