Pediatric ER

Question 1

List major causes of death in pediatric ER cases

Answer 1

Dehydration

Hypoxia

Hypoglycemia

Acute Epiglottitis

Question 2

In pediatric cases, acute epliglottitis presents as _______ while croup presents as ________

Answer 2

abrupt onset, high fever, toxic appearance, drooling, muffled voice, edema of epiglottis

several days of acute common cold, mild fever

Question 3

List possible causes of physiological jaundice in pediatric patients

Answer 3

hemolysis during labor

insufficient glucouronate transferase

Question 4

List possible causes of pathological jaundice in pediatric patients

Answer 4

erythroblastosis fetalis or other hemolytic disease (pre-hepatic)

liver disease, cystic fibrosis, right cardiovascular insufficiency (intra-hepatic)

malformation, obstruction (post-hepatic)

Question 5

List four classic congenital heart malformations in Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 5

stenosis of pulmonary artery

hypertrophy of righe ventricle

overriding aorta

right to left shunt

Question 6

Otitis Media is an infection that affects the ________ and arises in the __________, whereas Otitis Externa is an infection in the __________

Answer 6

middle ear

tympanic cavity

external ear and the ear canal

Question 7

Reye syndroms has occured in children who were given ______ when they had chickenpox or flu. It results in ______

Answer 7

aspirin

acute brain damage and liver function problem

Question 8

The mode of inheritance of Cystic Fibrosis is ______

Answer 8

autosomal recessive

Question 9

What is the pathogenesis of Cystic Fibrosis?

Answer 9

Defective CFTR protein results in decreased secretion of chloride and increased reabsorption of Na+ and water across epithelial cells. This reduces epithelial lining fluid and hydration of mucus resulting in sticky mucus that promotes bacterial infection and inflammation.

Question 10

What are the major clinical presentations and complications of Cystic Fibrosis?

Answer 10

severe chronic lung disease (persistent infection, inflammation)
pancreatic insufficiency (poor digestion)
intestinal disease (poor motility, absorption)
liver disease (bile obstruction)

Question 11

What are current therapies for CF?

Answer 11

pancreatic enzyme supplements
multivitamins
mucolytics
antibiotics
bronchodilators
anti-inflammatory agents
lung transplantation