Pediatric development and milestones

Question 1

2 mo.

Answer 1

Reflex integration: galant, rooting integrates at 3 months
GM: lifts head momentarily, turns head towards sounds, bears weight on forearms
FM:

Question 2

4mo.

Answer 2

Reflex integration: suck-swallow, traction
GM: holds head steady, pushes up to elbows, brings hands to mouth, reaches for toy, tracks with eyes, smiles spontaneously
FM: primitive squeeze grasp - 4mo. (no thumb involvement)

Question 3

6mo.

Answer 3

Reflex integration: moro, ATNR, palmar grasp, tonic-labyrinthine supine & prone
GM: crawls forward on belly (7mo.), lifts head independently, rolls over, pass hand to hand, thing to mouth, sits with support, support weight on legs
FM: palmar grasp - 5mo. (thumb abducted); radial-palmar grasp (6mo.), radial-digital grasp - 8mo. (held with opposed thumb and fingertips)

Question 4

9mo.

Answer 4

Reflex integration: plantar grasp
GM: get into sitting from lying, sits w/o support, pushup in prone, CREEPING/CRAWLING, pull to stand, stand holding on, tracks falling/moving objects (EYE-HAND COORDINATION)
FM: pincers; inferior pincer grasp - 9mo.

Question 5

12mo.

Answer 5

Reflex integration: STNR
GM: begin walking, steadies self on environment
FM: fine pincer grasp (picks up coins, puts objects into containers, releases objects without help); pre-writing: palmar supinate (big fist)

Question 6

18mo.

Answer 6

Reflex integration:
GM: walks alone, rarely falls
FM: uses cup/spoon, manipulation skills emerge

Question 7

2-3 years (toddler)

Answer 7

Reflex integration: landau (2 years); all persist from this point on
GM: climb up/down furniture, up/down stairs holding on, begin to run (2), kick a ball, pedal tricycle (3), walking refinement
FM: pre-writing: digital-pronate grasp (2-3yrs); static tripod (3.5-4yrs); place coins in slot, simple rotation (unscrewing bottle cap)

Dressing: doff elastic waist pants, (un)buttons large buttons, don overhead shirt, socks, zippers
Chores: puts toys away, wipe spills, dries dishes w/ assist

Question 8

4-5 years (preschool)

Answer 8

Reflex integration: Neck righting (NOB), body righting (BOB) - (5 years)
GM: refinement, hops/stand on 1 foot for 2 seconds, catches a bounced ball, pours liquids, uses toilet independently (5)
FM: dynamic tripod, in-hand manipulation refinement (cut simple shapes, shift pencil, separate paper)

Dressing: may need help tying shoes but should be independent
Chores: prepare dry cereal, sort laundry, make bed, take out trash, answer phone

Question 9

Name the 9 reflexes that persist through life

Answer 9

Labyrinthine head righting
Downward parachute (protective extension downward)
Forward parachute (protective extension forward)
Sideward parachute
backward parachute
prone tilting
supine tilting
quadruped tilting
standing tilting