Pediatric Brian Injury Flashcards
Where is the site of Intraventricular Hemorrhage in…
- Preterm baby?
- Term baby?
Preterm baby = Germinal Matrix
Term baby = Choroid Plexus
(IMPORTANT for Boards)
______ in a neonate ( 0 – 28 days of life) or infant almost always indicates underlying brain injury Brain
Seizures
How to define macro- & microcephaly
More than 2 standard deviations from average
Micro = < 3rd percentile
Macro = > 98th percentile
What is Cerebral Palsy (CP)?
Disordered motor function evident in infancy (3-6 months)
- Very nonspecific term
*Full extent of motor disability may not be evident until 3 – 4 yrs of age.
Is Cerebral Palsy progressive?
No.
It is NOT progressive or episodic.
Common ass’d problems w/ CP?
- Mental Retardation: 52 %
- Hearing impairment: 12 %
- Speech and Language disorder: 38%
- Epilepsy: 34 % - 94 %
3 causes of Hypoxia-ischemia in Prematurity?
- Defects in auto-regulation of cerebral blood-flow
- Postnatal lung disease and hypotension
- Inflammation contributes to pathogenesis of injury
What is Zellweger syndrome?
Polymicrogyria
peroxisomal disorder
What is Miller-Dieker syndrome?
Lissencephaly
chromosome 17
Features suggesting early developmental defects are caused by CP?
- Microcephaly
- Dysmorphic features
- Congenital anomalies outside the CNS
2 most common brain injuries related to Prematurity?
Periventricular leukomalacia
Intraventricular hemorrhage
4 most common Perinatal brain injuries (term babies)?
Hypoxia-ischemia
Stroke (focal ischemic injury)
Traumatic brain injury
Intracranial hemorrhage
What does “Diplegia” mean when describing CP?
Mainly involves lower extremities
T or F?
If a couple has been treated for infertility, there is a higher chance that their child has some type of encephalopathy or CP.
True
Most common cause of post-natal brain injury?
CNS infection (meningitis, encephalitis)
3 most common specific CP syndromes?
- Spastic Hemiplegia
- Spastic Quadriplegia
- Spastic Diplegia
Spastic Hemiplegia:
- Cause?
- Presentation
- Type of movements most affected?
Cause = Perinatal stroke
(left hemisphere > right)
Presentation = Premature handedness @ 3-6 months
Fine distal movements most affected
(obligate palmar grasp, no pincer grasp)
Spastic Quadriplegia:
- How often is cognitive disability present?
- Incidence of seizures?
Very high incidence of cognitive disability
- about 50% of them develop seizures
CP syndrome w/ widespread cystic encephalomalacia?
Spastic Quadriplegia
CP syndrome w/ difficulty swallowing & articulation?
Spastic Quadriplegia (due to deep gray matter involvement)
CP syndrome in which 25% will require total care?
Spastic Quadriplegia (most sever of CP syndromes)
80% of CP in preterm babies have what type of CP?
Spastic Diplegia
Spastic Diplegia:
- Path?
PVL or Porencephalic cysts
pretty much same thing
T or F?
Most cases of Spastic Diplegia have some involvement of upper limb dysfunction.
True but this usually very subtle & not problematic long-term (just w/ fine movements)
(leg involvement may be asymmetric)
