Pediatric Flashcards
What is a hallmark finding of asthma?
Wheezing is the hallmark finding in asthma exacerbations
How do you treat an acute asthma attack? What meds do you use?
SABAs
How is asthma classified? What categories are used?
Based on frequency of symptoms:
* Mild intermittent
* Mild persistent
* Moderate persistent
* Major persistent
What measurements can be taken to determine the status of a patient’s asthma?
Peak flow changes occur before more serious symptoms such as wheezing and coughing appear. Peak flow can help detect respiratory changes so medications can be changed before a more serious exacerbation occurs.
What is atopic dermatitis?
Affects 20% of children; skin lacks certain proteins that maintain the skin’s barrier to water, becoming swollen, red, and itchy
What is contact dermatitis?
Occurs due to exposure to an allergen/irritant like Poison ivy, resulting in discrete papules that become vesicles and drain
What is the difference between GER and GERD?
GER typically resolves on its own whereas GERD typically needs intervention
What is esophagitis?
Esophagitis occurs when stomach acid has damaged the esophageal lining
What is Barrett’s esophagus?
A serious complication of GERD when damaged esophageal cells become cancerous
What are the assessment findings of Otitis Media?
Middle ear effusion, or fluid present behind the tympanic membrane with moderate to severe bulging of the tympanic membrane
Otorrhea that is not attributed to infection of the outer ear
Minor tympanic membrane bulging, but it is erythematous with recent onset of ear painul
What are the complications of Otitis Media?
Conductive hearing loss, perforated tympanic membrane, cholesteatoma, mastoiditis
Tympanic membrane (TM) perforation is a complication of otitis media (OM) and is now showing a significant increase of cases in children ages 2 to 6 years.
Mastoiditis
What sensory organs are needed for hearing?
The cochlea and the organ of Corti are the special sensory organs that are responsible for hearing.
The spiral-shaped organ of Corti is located within the cochlear duct and is composed of cells and rows of cochlear hair cells.
What are the risk factors associated with AOM?
Factors include:
* Being formula fed as an infant
* Exposure to secondhand smoke
* Use of pacifier daily
* Day-care attendance
* Male sex
* Age between 6 and 24 months
* Presence of allergic rhinitis
* Having a cleft palate
* Having Down’s syndrome
What are signs and symptoms of TBIs?
Headache (most common), light sensitivity, fatigue, nausea, irritability
What is the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)?
An assessment tool used to evaluate neurological function focusing on eye response, verbal response, and motor response
What is the Acute Concussion Evaluation (ACE)?
Tool used for the initial evaluation and diagnosis of known or suspected concussions or mild TBIs
What are is most common symptom of a suspected mild TBI?
Headache occurs in 90% of mild TBI cases
What type of TBI usually occurs in preschool to school-age children?
Falls are the most frequent cause of head injuries
What is an epidural hematoma?
Bleeding in the epidural space, usually caused by skull fractures
What is a subdural hematoma?
Collection of blood between the inner layer of the dura mater and arachnoid mater of the meninges
What is a concussion?
Stretching of the brain tissue causing changes to nerve functioning and metabolic processes, considered mild TBI
What are the signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in infants?
Drowsiness, separated skull sutures, bulging fontanels, vomiting
What are the signs of increased ICP in older children?
Behavior changes, decreased alertness, headache, lethargy, nervous system changes, seizures, vomiting
What is an allergic response?
Acute: Type 1 hypersensitivity at first encounter
Inflammation is one of the first responses as blood flow increases causing redness, swelling, heat, & pain
Sensitized to develop antibodies to this substance
Late stage
Occurs on subsequent exposures
Chemical mediators cause vasodilation & bronchoconstriction
