PEDAGOGY IN SOCIAL STUDIES Flashcards
are effective instructions that involve
progressing from the specific to the general.
This entails initiating the teaching process
with precise, clear, and well-defined
information before gradually introducing
more abstract and broad concepts.
Maxims of Teaching
Use what students already understand.
• Introduce new ideas through familiar ones.
• Relate new topics to past experiences.
• Helps students grasp new concepts more
effectively.
From Known to Unknown
Start with simple ideas where basic ideas are
taught first.
• Simple concepts help in understanding
complex concepts.
• There’s gradual progression since lessons
become more advanced step by step.
• This method applies to all subjects and grades.
From Simple to Complex
• Concrete things- real, tangible objects that can be
seen and touched.
• Abstract things- ideas or concepts that exist in the
mind, not physically.
• Children understand better when learning starts
with concrete, sensory experiences.
• Abstract concepts are harder to remember unless
connected to concrete examples.
From Concrete to Abstract
• Analysis- breaking down of complex things into
smaller parts to understand them better. It
helps reveal hidden components or causes of
events and behaviors.
• Synthesis- combining all parts to present a
complete whole.
• Analysis strengthens thinking skills and is a
great starting point for learning.
From Analysis to Synthesis
Teaching should start with specific examples and
move toward general principles.
• General concepts can be difficult to understand
without concrete examples.
• By first presenting particular cases, students can
better grasp broader ideas.
• This method helps in forming strong foundational
knowledge before abstract thinking.
From Particular to General
Empirical knowledge comes from direct
observation and experience.
• It is concrete, simple, and does not require
reasoning.
• Rational knowledge is based on logic, arguments,
and explanations.
• Teaching should start with empirical knowledge
and gradually introduce rational concepts.
From Empirical to Rational
Induction means learning by observing specific
examples and finding a general rule.
• Deduction means applying general rules to specific
situations to draw conclusions.
• Teachers first show examples (induction), and
then help students apply the rules (deduction).
• This method helps students develop logical
thinking and problem-solving skills.
From Induction to Deduction
Modern education focuses on the child’s
psychological development
• The psychological approach considers the child’s
interests, abilities, and needs.
• The logical approach organizes content in a
structured and step-by-step manner.
• Teaching should balance both approaches, making
learning both engaging and well-structured.
From Psychological to Logical
Actual learning uses real objects to help students,
especially younger ones, understand concepts better.
• Representative learning uses pictures, diagrams, or
models when real objects are not available or needed.
• Younger students benefit more from actual objects as
they help in concrete learning.
• Older students can understand concepts using
representations because they already have prior
knowledge.
From Actual to Representative
Introduce the entire topic before breaking it down
into smaller parts.
• Seeing the big picture helps students connect
different pieces of information.
• After grasping the overall idea, students can dive
deeper into individual components.
• This method helps students learn concepts in a
structured and meaningful way.
From Whole to Part
•Refer to how we look at and understand
learning.
•Based on principles, beliefs, and ideas about
how people learn.
•These approaches shape classroom practices
and teaching methods.
•They help in solving problems related to
learning and instruction.
Teaching Approaches
• Nature of language
• Language use in
teaching
• Ways language
is learned
Teaching Approaches
Teaching Approaches examples
Teacher-centered
Student-centered
Project-based learning
Montessori
Inquiry-based learning
Cooperative Learning
Personalized education
Interactive approach
Direct teaching approach
Indirect Teaching approach
•Plans used to help students learn effectively.
•Involve planning and organizing lessons.
•Follow specific steps to reach a learning
goal.
•Guide how teachers teach and how students
learn.
•Long-term action plans to improve learning
outcomes.
Teaching Strategies
Teaching Strategies Examples
• Storytelling and Narrative
• Hands-on Activities and Simulations
• Primary Source Analysis
• Field Trips and
Virtual Trips
• Cooperative Learning and group projects
• Role-Playing and
Dramatization
• Inquiry-Based Learning
•Ways to achieve learning goals.
•Provide a step-by-step approach to teaching.
•Follow a logical and organized process.
•Focus on how lessons are delivered using
different strategies.
•They help teachers manage and organize the
learning process.
Teaching Methods
Teaching Methods example
• Lecture
• Discussion
• Hands-on Activities
• Role-Playing and Simulations
• Project-Based Learning
• Inquiry-Based Learning
• Cooperative Learning
• Field Trips
• Technology Integration
• Storytelling and Literature
•Specific procedures used to complete a task
or activity in the classroom.
•Small tricks that help teachers keep
students engaged in learning.
•More specific than teaching methods and
focus on particular classroom action.
•They include different activities or tools
that make lessons more effective and
enjoyable.
Teaching Techniques
Teaching Techniques Examples
• Narration
• Description
• Explanation
• Gamification
• Mind Mapping
• Brainstorming
•Structured designs that guide how lessons
are delivered.
•Create an interactive learning environment
where students engage and develop skills.
•Help teachers plan lessons effectively to
promote growth and understanding.
Models of Teaching
Models of Teaching Example
• Direct Instructional Model
• Cooperative Learning Model
• Inquiry-Based Learning Model
• Flipped Classroom Model
• Blended Learning Model
is a word derived from the Latin word
educere, educatum, and educare which
expresses the meaning of something to
learn, to know, and to lead out.
Education
