ped/ger 107 final Flashcards
1
Q
pharmacology definition
A
“The science concerned with the origin,
nature, effects, and uses of drugs”.
2
Q
drugs definition
A
“Any chemical substance that produces
a biologic response in a living system”.
3
Q
reasons of Uses of drugs:
A
> Aid in diagnosis of diseases
> Treatment of diseases
> Prevention of diseases
4
Q
Chemical Name
first manufactured
A
Identifies the actual chemical structure of
the drug
Example: 2-(diphenylmethoxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine
5
Q
Sources of Drugs
A
Synthesized in a laboratory – epinephrine
From Mineral - iodine, zinc oxide, magnesium
sulfide
From Plant - digitalis, morphine
From Animal – hormones
From Microorganisms (fungi, molds & bacteria) penicillin, tetracycline, vaccines
6
Q
Generic Name
A
Given to the drug when it becomes commercially available
Example: Diphenhydramine
7
Q
Brand Name (Trademark, Trade Name, Proprietary Name)
A
Brand Name (Trademark, Trade Name, Proprietary Name)
The name given to a drug by the first company that manufactured it.
Example: Benadryl
8
Q
Drugs are classified by
A
(1) their action or (2) by their legal classification
9
Q
Oral / Peroral (PO - by mouth)
A
Swallowed
10
Q
Sublingual =
buccal=
A
=under the tongue
=in the pocket between cheek and gums
11
Q
topical
A
superficies
ex: Transdermal (skin surface)
Conjunctival (conjunctiva) or Intraocular (eye)
Intranasal (nose)
Aural (ear)
Rectal
Vaginal
12
Q
Routes of Drug Administration
determined by:
A
Disease being treated
Area of the body being treated
Chemical composition of the drug
Each drug has its own characteristics
13
Q
Enteric coated
A
prevents absorption in stomach before it gets in small intestine
14
Q
parenteral
A
blood stream, muscle, fat The four most common: Intravenous (vein) Intradermal Subcutaneous (beneath the skin) Intramuscular (muscle)
15
Q
enteral
A
direct to stomach
16
Q
Contraindication
A
Any condition that renders the administration of some drug or treatment improper or undesirable.
17
Q
Bolus Injection
A
A certain amount of a contrast media injected intravenously over a short period of time.
18
Q
Bolus
A
An amount of a pharmaceutical preparation.
19
Q
tablet scored
A
prepared to be cut in half or quarters
20
Q
SUSPENSION
A
Administered orally, never intravenously!!
should be shaken
21
Q
Infiltration
A
Diffusion of fluid into a tissue
22
Q
Extravasation
A
Discharge or escape of fluid from a vessel into the surrounding tissue.
23
Q
Edema
A
An abnormally large amount of fluid in
the tissues of the body. Swelling.
24
Q
Ampule
A
Small, sealed glass container that holds a single dose of a parenteral solution in a sterile condition.
25
Vial
A small glass bottle (container) containing many doses of a
| drug.
26
Anaphylaxis
Allergic shock.
27
PHARMACOKINETICS
The study of how a drug is absorbed into the
body, circulates within the body, and exits
the body (what the drug does to the body).
4 processes :
absorption (how enters the blood)
distribution (circulatory lymphatic system)
metabolism (how body transform drug, liver)
excretion (out, kidneys)
28
PHARMACODYNAMICS
The study of the effect of the drugs on the body.
29
Receptor sites
a protein molecule located on the cell’s surface or within the cell’s cytoplasm that binds to a specific factor such as a hormone, antigen, or neurotransmitter.
most common drugs, blinds to receptor sites on cells.
30
epinephrine is an emergency drug commonly found on a cart. Which of the following is an indication for its use?
cardiac arrest and anaphylaxis
31
most common unit of measurement
mL = 1/1000
32
subcutaneous
drug placed under skin into the tissue that lies beneath the epidermal layers
33
means that the drug is administered by a route other than the gastrointestinal tract
parenteral
34
Antagonist
A drug that is designed to inhibit or counteract
effects produced by other drugs or desired effects
caused by cellular components during illness.
35
Agonist
A drug that produces a specific action and promotes the desired result.
36
```
QOD
QD
BID
TID
QID
PO
NPO
```
```
EVERY OTHER DAY
EVERYDAY
TWO TIMES A DAY
THREE TIMES A DAY
FOUR TIMES A DAY
BY MOUTH
NOTHING BY MOUTH
```
37
contrast media purpose
enhance the low subject contrast of anatomic structures
| To visualize anatomic structures that are not normally seen on a diagnostic medical image.
38
if barium sulfate is administered by a patient with perforation of the colon, will cause
peritonitis
39
who discovered air can be used as contrast agent
Walter dandy
40
credited for discovering the disease of the GI tract
Walter cannon
41
general term for the material to be visualize anatomic structures that are not normally seem on x-rays
contrast media
42
all show radiographic densities on x-rays except
sulphur
43
lowest contrast among the 5 densities are water and..
fat
44
contrast media are generally classified as
negative and positive
45
weak x-ray photons are easily absorb by __ contrast media
radiopaque
46
flow rate of barium through a tubing and also influences the mucosal coating of intestinal lumen?
viscosity
47
a complication related to the administration of barium sulfate during GI examination is__ of the colon
perforation
48
anatomic structures are filled with __ contrast agents appears dark (increase density on radiographs, they are also called?
radiolucent, negative
49
radiopaque contrast agents are composed of elements with __ atomics numbers
high
50
correct order scheduling patient types
elderly and debilitated, diabetics, children, relatively healthy adults.
51
contrast exam that is time sequenced procedures
biliary and IVP/IVU
52
what radiographic exams of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestines have in common?
they are all administered orally
53
CT studies of GI tract should be perform before other exams requiring the use of barium sulfate
true
54
when scheduling multiple exams, contrast exam are
last
55
appropriate patient preparation for contrast enema
take a laxative or cleansing enema
consume large amounts of fluids
maintain a fluid diet prior the examination
56
patient preparation for Upper Gastrointestinal (UG) exam
patient should consume nothing by mouth on the night prior to procedure
57
preparation having esophagram
no preparation for this procedure
58
preparation for CT scan of the stomach
patient should not consume nothing by mouth on the night prior to procedure
59
preparation on small bowel series (small intestine)
low residue diet eaten for 2 days before procedure
60
Photoelectric Interaction
result in the x-ray photon being totally absorbed and not striking the image receptor
61
Negative contrast
Composed of low–atomic number elements
| Appears radiolucent on image
62
Positive contrast
Composed of higher–atomic number elements
| Appears radiopaque on image
63
Specialty Contrast Agents for:
```
Specialty Contrast Agents for:
Ultrasound
Microbubbles
MR Scanning
Gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gadolinium-DTPA)
```
64
Why Is Air Not Used More Often as a Contrast Material?
low persistent
65
Characteristics of aPerfect Contrast Material
```
Very high-contrast visualization
Extremely low toxicity to patient
Persistence in patient anatomy until imaging is completed
Low cost
Minimal or no side effects
No residual effects within patient
```
66
Ionic Contrast Agents
Uses iodine as the contrast material
Dissociates into two ions:
Anion
Cation
Ionic media dissociate into two molecular particles in water or blood plasma.
Three iodine atoms are attached to a benzene ring.
R2 and R3 increase solubility and excretion by kidneys.
Methylglucamine increases osmolality.
67
osmolality
The measure of the total number of particles in solution per kilogram of water
Ionic contrast agents are HOCM.
Nonionic contrast agents are typically LOCM, as they do not dissociate into cation and anion.
68
Nonionic Contrast Agents
Do not dissociate into anions and cations
Water soluble
Six iodine atoms per molecule
Increased solubility in plasma
69
advantages of nonionic
| low osmolality
No ionic breakdown and less toxic at cellular level
More water soluble in blood plasma
Warmed to increase viscosity
Less likely to cause patient reaction
More tolerable by patients
High contrast effect resulting from number of iodine atoms per molecule (concentration)
Reduced injection volumes
70
Anaphylactoid Reactions
```
Urticaria
Wheezing
Throat swelling (edema)
Bronchospasm
Nausea
Vomiting
Cardiac arrest
```
71
Normal levels are:
BUN: 8 – 25 mg/dl
Creatinine: 0.6 – 1.5 mg/dl
Levels above the normal indicate renal disease
72
GFR – Glomerular Filtration Rate
used to evaluate renal function.
Normal level range – 120 to 125 mL/min
90 mL/min or less indicates renal dysfunction
73
Radiopharmaceuticals
```
Not contrast agents
Radioactive material chemically attached
Biodistribution is important.
Typically emit gamma radiation
Detected by gamma camera in nuclear department
```
74
5 radiographic densities
```
Air (gas)
Fat
Water
Mineral
Metal
```
75
Radiographic Procedures Using Water Soluble Contrast Media
```
Joints
Arthrography
Knee
Wrist
Urinary system
Kidneys
Ureters
Salivary Glands
Sailography
ducts
lymph nodes
Biliary system
Reproductive system (female)
Hysterosalpingography
Lower Limbs
Venography
Spinal Canal
Myelography
Heart & Coronary Arteries
Cardiac Catherization
```
76
Arthrography
radiographic examination of the soft tissue structures of joints after the injection of contrast media
77
Cystography
general term for examination of the bladder
78
Cystoureterography
–examines the bladder and lower ureters
79
Cystourethrography
examines bladder and ureters.
80
Chain Cystogram
Examines the female urinary system exam
81
Excretory/Intravenous Urography
Studies the function of the urinary system.
Bolus injection into a vein.
Drip infusion – slower than bolus; more comfortable; least likely to cause reaction.
82
Pyelography
the term pyelography refers to radiographic demonstration of the renal pelves and calyces.
83
Cholecyst
| cholecystogram
gallbladder
| examination of gallbladder with contrast agent
84
Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (PTC)
Done to check for stones post cholecystectomy
85
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
Fiberoptic camera threaded through mouth, down to duodenum, to ampulla of Vater to evaluate bile duct and pancreas
86
Myelography
General term applied to the radiologic examination of the CNS structures situated in the vertebral canal
Contrast introduction intrathecally into the subarachnoid space by spinal puncture
Puncture made at L2-L3 or L3-L4 space
Postprocedure monitoring required
Head and shoulders elevated 30 to 45 degrees
87
metformin ( glucophage) is a drug used to
treat type 2 diabetes
88
analgesic drugs
relieve pain
89
company assign a name
brand name
90
experienced by patients who abruptly discontinue of an antidepressant
withdrawal effects
91
elevated levels of BUN and creatinine (waste product of metabolism)
renal disease
92
before administering
check label 3 times
93
upper GI series, lumbar spine x-ray, and IVU order
lumbar spine
IVU
GI series
94
a possible complication to injection of contrast media include
extravasation and embolus
95
when an injection is given in the upper arm or buttocks its is administer via the
IM route
96
contrast media that dissociate into 2 molecular particles are known as
ionic agents
97
adverse reactions from barium sulfate are very rare, however one such reaction may be in the form of
peritonitis
98
equipment usually found in cart
blood pressure cuff
ambu bag
epinephrine
99
medication for vomiting
antiemetic
100
should not be performed immediately after a contrast enema exam
study of female reproductive system, involves water soluble into falopian tubes
hysterosalpingogram
101
radiolucent contrast appears dark is also called
negative
102
radio-opacity of the contrast media depends on
the percentage of iodine in the molecule
| the concentration of the contrast media
103
professional licensed to prepare and dispense drugs
pharmacist
104
what to do if bronchospasm
suspend and use epinephrine
105
creatinine
nitrogenous waste metabolism excreted by the kidneys filtration system
106
opacifying element in water soluble contrast media
iodine
107
pyelogram
visualizing the collecting system of the kidneys
108
myelogram
exam which the contrast agent is administer into the lumbar subarachnoid space
109
rights of drug administration
```
The Right Drug
The Right Amount (Dosage/Strength)
The Right Patient
The Right Time
The Right Route
The right Documentation
The Right Reason
The Right Response
```
110
contraindications to an IVU exam
renal failure
| elevated creatinine levels
111
solution
is a dosage form in which one or more drugs are dissolved in a liquid carrier
112
BUN blood urea nitrogen
to determine whether the kidneys or liver are functioning properly
113
distractions techniques for pediatrics
```
books
songs
favorite interest
counting
nursery rhymes
relaxation techniques such as deep breathing
```
114
ewing sarcoma
second most common malignant tumor in children
115
which age group uses a blanket or towel to make more manageable
0 to 2 years
116
by 12 months the child
develop memories ideas and feelings
117
2 main problems for radiographers confidence are
communication and immobilization
118
unexplained drooling or inability to swallow
ingestion of a foreign body
119
legg calve perthes disease and congenital dislocation
```
hip
characterized by
no blood supply to joint
necrosis
weakened bone
fracture
```
120
short stature, triangular shaped face, breathing problems, brittle teeth and hearing loss, blue sclera of the eye, bone deformities
osteogenesis imperfecta
121
upper limb of preschooler best examined
patient seated in parents lap
122
used to evaluate skeletal maturation in pediatric
bone age
| PA hand and wrist
123
most common location of foreign body
right side of the bronchial tree
124
must be perform while child is awake
chest x-rays
125
infant age group
1 to 12 months
126
toddler age group
1 to 3 years
127
adolescent age group
12 to 18 years
128
classic indicators of child abuse
greenstick fractures
129
ideal age for unexperienced radiographers
6 to 8
130
childhood pathologies
```
osteogenesis imperfecta
osteochondroma
osteoid osteoma
scoliosis
aneurysmal bone cyst
```
131
Physical Effects geriatric
Reduction in balance, strength, and reaction time.
| Decline in sight, hearing, taste, and smell.
132
Cognitive Effects
Cognitive Effects
133
Dementia
progressive, cognitive impairment that interferes with daily function.
Alzheimer’s disease – most common form.
134
Most common skin diseases
| geriatric
Herpes zoster (shingles)
Malignant tumors
Decubitus ulcers
135
Hysposmia
loss of the ability to smell
| Decreased appetite & irregular eating habits
136
Osteoporosis
Reduction in bone mass and density
| Bone becomes porous and spongy
137
Osteoarthritis (OA)
The second most common cause of
disability in the US
Symptoms – pain; swelling; decreased
range of motion in joints
138
Cardiovascular diseases
the most common cause of death worldwide
139
Atherosclerosis
fatty plaque in arterial walls; predominant change in blood vessels
140
Diabetes mellitus
The most common age-related endocrine system disease
141
Prostate ca
3rd most common ca in men
| 80% of tumors are found after age 65
