PEARLS

Question 1

Rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine synthesis

Answer 1

Tyrosine hydroxylase

Question 2

Coenzyme for dopa decarboxylase

Answer 2

Pyridoxal phosphate

Question 3

End-product of dopamine b oxidase

Answer 3

Norepinephrine

Question 4

End-product of PNMT

Answer 4

Epinephrine

Question 5

Formula for BMI

Answer 5

kg/m2

Question 6

Predominant hormone in well-fed state

Answer 6

Insulin

Question 7

Maintain blood glucose level during starvation

Answer 7

1) Glucagon 2) Epi 3) Cortisol 4) GH

Question 8

Maintains blood glucose levels during the first 18-24 hours of starvation

Answer 8

Glycogenolysis

Question 9

Maintains blood glucose levels after 24 hours of starvation

Answer 9

Gluconeogenesis

Question 10

MC substrate used for gluconeogenesis

Answer 10

Amino acids

Question 11

Ketogenic amino acids

Answer 11

1) Lysine 2) Leucine

Question 12

Glucogenic and ketogenic

Answer 12

1) Phenylalanine 2) Isoleucine 3) Tyrosine 4) Tryptophan 5) Threonine

Question 13

Major fuel for the body

Answer 13

Glucose

Question 14

Used by the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle during prolonged starvation

Answer 14

Ketone bodies

Question 15

2 predominant ketone bodies

Answer 15

1) Acetoacetate 2) b-hydroxybutyrate

Question 16

Ketone predominantly detected in urine tests

Answer 16

Acetoacetate

Question 17

Organ responsible for ketogenesis

Answer 17

Liver

Question 18

Immediate precursor of ketones

Answer 18

AcetylCoA

Question 19

Liver cannot utilise ketone bodies due to absence of what enzyme

Answer 19

Glucose-6-phosphatase

Question 20

Major fuel reserve of the body

Answer 20

Triglycerides in adipose tissue

Question 21

Predominant hormone active during glycolysis

Answer 21

Insulin

Question 22

Storage form of lipids in the body

Answer 22

Triglycerides

Question 23

Require constant glucose supply to function

Answer 23

1) CNS 2) RBCs

Question 24

Glucose transporters in brain and RBC

Answer 24

Glut-1 and Glut-3

Question 25

Main glucose transporter in the brain

Answer 25

Glut-3

Question 26

Glucose transporter in insulin-dependent tissues

Answer 26

Glut-4

Question 27

Insulin-dependent tissues

Answer 27

1) Muscle 2) Adipose 3) Pancreas

Question 28

Major metabolic intermediate that can never be used for gluconeogenesis

Answer 28

Acetyl CoA

Question 29

Enzyme in liver that phosphorylates glucose for glycogen synthesis with high Km

Answer 29

Glucokinase

Question 30

Net effect of insulin on the key enzymes of glycogen metabolism

Answer 30

Glycogen phosphorylase inhibited; glycogen synthase stimulated

Question 31

Glycogen phosphorylase coenzyme

Answer 31

Pyridoxal phosphate

Question 32

Net effect of insulin on key enzymes of fatty acid metabolism

Answer 32

AcetylCoA carboxylase stimulated; carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 inhibited

Question 33

Overall effect of insulin on protein synthesis

Answer 33

Increase

Question 34

Metabolic pathway in which lactate from anaerobic metabolism in the muscle is converted to glucose in the liver and transported back into lactate

Answer 34

Cori cycle

Question 35

Metabolic pathway where muscles degrade amino acids for energy needs, the resulting nitrogen is transaminated to pyruvate to form alanine which is shuttled to the liver where the nitrogen enters the urea cycle and the pyruvate is used to make glucose and shunted back to muscle

Answer 35

Glucose-Alanine cycle

Question 36

2 major organs responsible for gluconeogenesis

Answer 36

1) Liver 2) Kidneys

Question 37

Main metabolic fuel source of the heart

Answer 37

Fatty acids

Question 38

Drug used for MI which switches cardiac metabolism to glucose by inhibiting fatty acid oxidation

Answer 38

Trimetazidine

Question 39

Last source of fuel during prolong starvation

Answer 39

Proteins and amino acids

Question 40

Ketoacidosis with hyperglycemia

Answer 40

DKA

Question 41

Ketoacidosis with hypoglycemia

Answer 41

1) Alcoholism 2) Prolonged starvation 3) Pregnancy and lactation

Question 42

Provides carbon skeletons for triglyceride synthesis and nonessential amino acid synthesis

Answer 42

Glucose

Question 43

Critical intermediate necessary to maintain TCA cycle activity that is usually depleted in prolonged starvation and alcohol intake

Answer 43

Oxaloacetate

Question 44

Net effect of starvation on adipose tissue systems

Answer 44

Inactivation of lipoprotein lipase and activation of hormone sensitive lipase resulting in net release of free fatty acids

Question 45

Predominant insulin counterregulatory hormone

Answer 45

Glucagon

Question 46

Catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA (which enters the citric acid cycle), and NADH and FADH2, which are co-enzymes used in the electron transport chain

Answer 46

Beta oxidation

Question 47

Effect of insulin on beta oxidation

Answer 47

Decreases beta oxidation

Question 48

Effect of glucagon on glycolysis

Answer 48

Decrease glycolysis

Question 49

Net effect of insulin on glycolysis

Answer 49

Increase glycolysis