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Biochemistry > PEARLS > Flashcards

PEARLS Flashcards

1
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine synthesis

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

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2
Q

Coenzyme for dopa decarboxylase

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

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3
Q

End-product of dopamine b oxidase

A

Norepinephrine

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4
Q

End-product of PNMT

A

Epinephrine

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5
Q

Formula for BMI

A

kg/m2

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6
Q

Predominant hormone in well-fed state

A

Insulin

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7
Q

Maintain blood glucose level during starvation

A

1) Glucagon 2) Epi 3) Cortisol 4) GH

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8
Q

Maintains blood glucose levels during the first 18-24 hours of starvation

A

Glycogenolysis

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9
Q

Maintains blood glucose levels after 24 hours of starvation

A

Gluconeogenesis

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10
Q

MC substrate used for gluconeogenesis

A

Amino acids

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11
Q

Ketogenic amino acids

A

1) Lysine 2) Leucine

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12
Q

Glucogenic and ketogenic

A

1) Phenylalanine 2) Isoleucine 3) Tyrosine 4) Tryptophan 5) Threonine

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13
Q

Major fuel for the body

A

Glucose

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14
Q

Used by the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle during prolonged starvation

A

Ketone bodies

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15
Q

2 predominant ketone bodies

A

1) Acetoacetate 2) b-hydroxybutyrate

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16
Q

Ketone predominantly detected in urine tests

A

Acetoacetate

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17
Q

Organ responsible for ketogenesis

A

Liver

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18
Q

Immediate precursor of ketones

A

AcetylCoA

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19
Q

Liver cannot utilise ketone bodies due to absence of what enzyme

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

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20
Q

Major fuel reserve of the body

A

Triglycerides in adipose tissue

21
Q

Predominant hormone active during glycolysis

A

Insulin

22
Q

Storage form of lipids in the body

A

Triglycerides

23
Q

Require constant glucose supply to function

A

1) CNS 2) RBCs

24
Q

Glucose transporters in brain and RBC

A

Glut-1 and Glut-3

25
Q

Main glucose transporter in the brain

A

Glut-3

26
Q

Glucose transporter in insulin-dependent tissues

A

Glut-4

27
Q

Insulin-dependent tissues

A

1) Muscle 2) Adipose 3) Pancreas

28
Q

Major metabolic intermediate that can never be used for gluconeogenesis

A

Acetyl CoA

29
Q

Enzyme in liver that phosphorylates glucose for glycogen synthesis with high Km

A

Glucokinase

30
Q

Net effect of insulin on the key enzymes of glycogen metabolism

A

Glycogen phosphorylase inhibited; glycogen synthase stimulated

31
Q

Glycogen phosphorylase coenzyme

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

32
Q

Net effect of insulin on key enzymes of fatty acid metabolism

A

AcetylCoA carboxylase stimulated; carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 inhibited

33
Q

Overall effect of insulin on protein synthesis

A

Increase

34
Q

Metabolic pathway in which lactate from anaerobic metabolism in the muscle is converted to glucose in the liver and transported back into lactate

A

Cori cycle

35
Q

Metabolic pathway where muscles degrade amino acids for energy needs, the resulting nitrogen is transaminated to pyruvate to form alanine which is shuttled to the liver where the nitrogen enters the urea cycle and the pyruvate is used to make glucose and shunted back to muscle

A

Glucose-Alanine cycle

36
Q

2 major organs responsible for gluconeogenesis

A

1) Liver 2) Kidneys

37
Q

Main metabolic fuel source of the heart

A

Fatty acids

38
Q

Drug used for MI which switches cardiac metabolism to glucose by inhibiting fatty acid oxidation

A

Trimetazidine

39
Q

Last source of fuel during prolong starvation

A

Proteins and amino acids

40
Q

Ketoacidosis with hyperglycemia

A

DKA

41
Q

Ketoacidosis with hypoglycemia

A

1) Alcoholism 2) Prolonged starvation 3) Pregnancy and lactation

42
Q

Provides carbon skeletons for triglyceride synthesis and nonessential amino acid synthesis

A

Glucose

43
Q

Critical intermediate necessary to maintain TCA cycle activity that is usually depleted in prolonged starvation and alcohol intake

A

Oxaloacetate

44
Q

Net effect of starvation on adipose tissue systems

A

Inactivation of lipoprotein lipase and activation of hormone sensitive lipase resulting in net release of free fatty acids

45
Q

Predominant insulin counterregulatory hormone

A

Glucagon

46
Q

Catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA (which enters the citric acid cycle), and NADH and FADH2, which are co-enzymes used in the electron transport chain

A

Beta oxidation

47
Q

Effect of insulin on beta oxidation

A

Decreases beta oxidation

48
Q

Effect of glucagon on glycolysis

A

Decrease glycolysis

49
Q

Net effect of insulin on glycolysis

A

Increase glycolysis

Biochemistry (5 decks)

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