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Biochemistry > MESH POOL > Flashcards

MESH POOL Flashcards

1
Q

Pathways that take place in the mitochondria

A

[MITO FATO] 1) FA oxidation 2) Acetyl CoA production 3) TCA 4) Oxidative phosphorylation ***4) Ketone body synthesis

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2
Q

Both cytosol and mitochondria

A

[HUG] 1) Heme synthesis 2) Urea cycle 3) Gluconeogenesis

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3
Q

Cytosol

A

1) Glycolysis 2) Protein and steroid synthesis 3) Fatty acid synthesis 4) HMP

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4
Q

The committed step in the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotide is the formation of

A

5-phosphoribiosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP)

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5
Q

The phase in the cell cycle when DNA undergoes replication

A

S phase

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6
Q

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is the due to the deficiency of this enzyme used in the salvage pathway

A

Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase

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7
Q

This enzyme is inhibited by allopurinol

A

Xanthine oxidase

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8
Q

In the purine salvage cycle which interconvert AMP and GMP, deficiency of this enzyme results in an immunodeficiency disorder involving B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes (SCID)

A

Adenosine deaminase

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9
Q

Direct synthesis of ATP from high-energy compounds is known as

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

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10
Q

Salivary amylase catalyzes the cleavage of ___

A

Alpha-1, 4 glycosidic bonds of starch

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11
Q

The initial step or reaction in the utilization of all sugar is

A

Phosphorylation

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12
Q

In the salvage pathway of the synthesis of the purine nucleotide, ribose 5-PO4 is obtained from

A

HMP shunt

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13
Q

Methotrexate inhibits this enzyme

A

DHFR

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14
Q

This chemotherapeutic agent inhibits thymidylate synthetase

A

5-FU

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15
Q

The buffering capacity of hemoglobin is due to this amino acid residue

A

Histidine

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16
Q

Drug that will inhibit enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and salts

A

Cholestyramine

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17
Q

Chief vehicle that transports dietary lipids in the blood

A

Chylomicron

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18
Q

he “clearing factor” refers to

A

Extrahepatic lipoprotein lipase

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19
Q

The prostanoid with the greatest vasodilatory effect is

A

Prostacyclin

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20
Q

The platelets produce a potent vasoconstrictor called

A

Serotonin

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21
Q

The cofactor required for the enzyme activity of the pyruvate decarboxylase component of the E. coli pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is

A

TRP (Thiazolium ring of the thiamine pyrophosphate)

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22
Q

Two function groups that are always present in a carbohydrate

A

Aldehyde and ketone groups

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23
Q

As a rule, the number of isomers that a sugar has depends on

A

The number of chiral carbons

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24
Q

The syndrome of polyneuropathy associated with

A

Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome

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25
Q

Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome is encountered in chronic alcoholics and is primarily due to a deficiency of

A

Thiamine

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26
Q

Synthesis of the fatty acids require the use of NADPH reducing equivalents main source of NADPH in the cells is this pathway

A

Phosphogluconic pathway/PPP

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27
Q

One of the following pathways explains the occurrence of essential pentosuria

A

HMP

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28
Q

Final common pathway for catabolism of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids

A

Kreb cycle

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29
Q

Principal source of NADH2 for oxidative phosphorylation

A

Kreb cycle

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30
Q

Source of substrates needed for synthesis of glucose

A

Kreb cycle

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31
Q

The reversible interconversion of the Citric acid, cis-aconitic acid and isocitric acid in the TCA cycle is catalyzed by

A

Aconitase

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32
Q

The metabolites of the citric acid cycle cycle can be used both for synthesis of substances and catabolism purposes hence it is a ___ pathway

A

An amphibolic pathway

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33
Q

The enzyme catalyzing the anaplerotic reaction in TCA cycle is

A

Pyruvate carboxylase

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34
Q

This polysaccharide, utilized in laboratory separation and purification techniques is used as a plasma substitute or extender in the treatment of shock

A

Dextran

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35
Q

Which of the following uses only glucose as fuel under all nutritional states

A

RBC

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36
Q

Anaerobic oxidation of glucose yields as end product

A

Lactic acid

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37
Q

In which compartment of the cell does glycolysis occur

A

Soluble cytoplasm

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38
Q

In glycolysis, the immediate product of the reaction catalyzed by hexokinase is

A

Glucose-6- phosphate

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39
Q

The most potent activator of phosphofructokinase known to date

A

Fructose 2,6 biphosphate

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40
Q

Which enzyme in glycolysis is inhibited by fluoride

A

Enolase

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41
Q

What reaction links the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway to the aerobic pathway

A

Decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

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42
Q

Jumping Genes

A

Transposons

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43
Q

CHARGAFF’s RULE

A

A = T and C = G

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44
Q

Coding Region

A

Exons

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45
Q

STOP codons

A

UAG, UAA, UGA (nonsense mutation)

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46
Q

Sickle cell anemia is an example of what mutation

A

Missense mutation

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47
Q

Sickle cell anemia is a substitution of which amino acid

A

Substitution of VALINE & GLUTAMIC ACID

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48
Q

Thermostable enzyme in PCR

A

Taq Polymerase

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49
Q

Confirmatory test for HIV

A

Western Blot

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50
Q

Screening test for HIV

A

ELISA

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51
Q

Test for DNA

A

Southern Blot [think SNoW DRoP]

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52
Q

Test for Protein

A

Western Blot [think SNoW DRoP]

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53
Q

Relax/unwind negative supercoils

A

Topoisomerase

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54
Q

Relax/unwind positive supercoils

A

Helicase

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55
Q

Substance in egg whites responsible for binding with biotin

A

Avidin

56
Q

Cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis

A

Riboflavin deficiency

57
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency

58
Q

Beri Beri

A

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency [think Ber1 Ber1]

59
Q

Pellagra

A

Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency

60
Q

4 Ds of pellagra

A

Dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea, death

61
Q

Amino acid precursor of niacin

A

Tryptophan

62
Q

Polished rice eaters

A

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency

63
Q

Thiaminase can be found in what food stuff

A

Undercooked shellfish

64
Q

Anti-thiamine can be found in what food stuff

A

Tea

65
Q

Corn eaters

A

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

66
Q

Neural tube defects; Anemia

A

Vitamin B9 (Folate) deficiency

67
Q

Transport form of vitamin B12

A

Transcobalamin

68
Q

Transfer of ethyl groups (S-adenosylmethionine SAM)

A

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

69
Q

Transfers cytosolic reducing equivalents to the mitochondrion

A

Malate-aspartate shuttle

70
Q

More than half of the glycogen in the body is found in

A

Skeletal muscle

71
Q

Diabetic cataract formation may be attributed to excessive formation of ___ which accumulates in the
eye

A

Sorbitol

72
Q

Subacute Combined Degeneration

A

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency

73
Q

Deficiency found in Strict Vegetarians

A

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency

74
Q

The polyuria in diabetes mellitus is due to

A

Osmotic diuresis

75
Q

Enzyme deficiency: McArdle’s syndrome

A

Muscle phosphorylase/MYOPHOSPHORYLASE

76
Q

Enzyme deficiency: Von Gierke’s

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

77
Q

Glycogen Storage Disease Type II

A

Pompe

78
Q

Enzyme deficiency: Cori’s disease

A

Debranching enzyme

79
Q

Enzyme deficiency: Tarui’s Disease

A

PFK

80
Q

A component of lung surfactant, this lipid lowers the surface tension in the alveoli and prevents respiratory distress syndrome

A

DPPC

81
Q

Ketone bodies

A

1) Beta hydroxybutyric aicd 2) Acetoacetate 3) Acetone

82
Q

The major enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis

A

COX

83
Q

The primary level of protein structure is stabilized by

A

Peptide bonds

84
Q

Secondary level of proteins

A

Beta pleated sheets, Beta turns, Alpha helix

85
Q

Tertiary level of proteins

A

Domains (Immunoglobulin light & heavy chains)

86
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Hgb

87
Q

Theory on mechanism of enzyme action proposed by Koshland

A

Flexible site theory / induced fit

88
Q

Equal to the substrate concentration at which the initial reaction velocity is half- maximal

A

Km (Michaelis-Menten constant)

89
Q

In the cell, transfer of one-carbon compound as in the synthesis of serine from glycine, requires the participation of which coenzyme

A

Tetrahydrofolic acid

90
Q

The central dogma in molecular biology can be summed up in this sequence of processes

A

Replication, transcription, translation

91
Q

Consists of three consecutive base pairs

A

Codon

92
Q

Methotrexate in cancer treatment is attributed to its capacity to inhibit this enzyme in actively dividing cells

A

DHFR

93
Q

Major classes of Ig is based on

A

Heavy chain

94
Q

Michaelis- Menten constant (Km) can be determined more accurately by using the

A

Lineweaver- Burk plot

95
Q

States that the total energy of a system, including its surroundings remains constant

A

First law of thermodynamics

96
Q

States that the total entropy of a system must increase if a process is to occur spontaneously

A

The second law of thermodynamics

97
Q

Which enzyme protects our tissues from oxygen toxicity caused by the superoxide free radical

A

Superoxide dismutase

98
Q

Bacterial transcription factor that initiates binding of bacterial RNA polymerase to gene promoters

A

Sigma factor

99
Q

Bacterial transcription factor that terminates transcription

A

Rho factor

100
Q

Bacterial ribosomes bind to WHAT on their corresponding mRNA strands

A

Shine Delgarno sequence

101
Q

This molecule accepts the electrons from cytochrome aa3 found in complex IV

A

O2

102
Q

Product of anaerobic metabolism in exercising muscle

A

Lactate

103
Q

At neutral pH, a mixture of amino acids in solution would be predominantly

A

Dipolar ions/zwitterions

104
Q

Severe phenylketonuria and shortened lifespan is a result of

A

Deficient or missing dihydrobiopterin

105
Q

Ultraviolet light causes DNA damage by

A

Formation of pyrimidine dimers (Xeroderma Pigmentosum)

106
Q

The mutational event responsible for the mutation in the ®-chain in sickle cell anemia

A

Missense mutation

107
Q

Diphtheria toxin is often lethal in unimmunized persons because

A

Blocks elongation of proteins by inactivating elongation factor 2

108
Q

Inborn error of metabolism associated with skeletal deformities and dislocation of the lens of the eyes

A

Homocystinuria

109
Q

Homocystinuria is an inborn error of metabolism of what amino acid

A

Methionine

110
Q

Alkaptonuria is a defect of what enzyme

A

Homogentisic acid oxidase

111
Q

Maple syrup disease is a defect of what enzyme

A

KETOACID DEHYDROGENASE

112
Q

Tay-sachs disease is a DEFECT of what ENZYME

A

HEXOSAMINIDASE A

113
Q

Sandhoff’s Disease is a defect of what enzyme

A

Hexosaminidase A and B

114
Q

The slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis

A

SRS-A

115
Q

SRS-A is made up of

A

Leukotrienes

116
Q

Rate limiting enzyme for cholesterol synthesis

A

8-HYDROXY -3- METHYLGLUTARYL, CoA REDUCTASE or HMG CoA REDUCTASE

117
Q

Rate limiting enzyme for INTRACYTOPLASMIC FATTY ACID SYTHESIS

A

8-HYDROXY -3- METHYLGLUTARYL, CoA REDUCTASE or HMG CoA REDUCTASE

118
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for joining okazaki fragments during DNA replication

A

DNA ligase

119
Q

The correct mRNA is made from the opposite strand

A

ANTI-SENSE RNA

120
Q

Substituting purine to pyrimidine or vice-versa

A

Transversion

121
Q

Portion of the genes which carry the actual genetic information coding for protein

A

Exon

122
Q

Hartnup’s disease is a defect in

A

Transport of neutral AA (eg. TRYPTOPHAN)

123
Q

The eukaryotic DNA polymerase responsible for the synthesis of lagging strands is

A

Alpha

124
Q

Eukaryotic DNA polymerase responsible for DNA repair

A

Beta and epsilon

125
Q

Eukaryotic DNA polymerase responsible for mitochondrial DNA synthesis

A

Gamma

126
Q

Eukaryotic DNA polymerase responsible for leading strand synthesis

A

Delta

127
Q

Lipoprotein considered as reverse transporter

A

HDL

128
Q

MOA of fibric acid derivatives (As lipid-lowering agent)

A

STIMULATES LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE

129
Q

Natural antioxidant

A

Vitamin E

130
Q

Mirror images

A

Enantiomer

131
Q

D & L forms

A

Mirror images/enantiomers

132
Q

Essential amino acid that can undergo glucose formation

A

Methionine

133
Q

Amino acid that can undergo glucose formation

A

Alanine

134
Q

Inhibited in disufiram reactions

A

Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

135
Q

Produced in the body in chronic kidney dx that is available in recombinant form

A

EPO

Biochemistry (5 decks)

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