MESH POOL Flashcards
1
Q
Pathways that take place in the mitochondria
A
[MITO FATO] 1) FA oxidation 2) Acetyl CoA production 3) TCA 4) Oxidative phosphorylation ***4) Ketone body synthesis
2
Q
Both cytosol and mitochondria
A
[HUG] 1) Heme synthesis 2) Urea cycle 3) Gluconeogenesis
3
Q
Cytosol
A
1) Glycolysis 2) Protein and steroid synthesis 3) Fatty acid synthesis 4) HMP
4
Q
The committed step in the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotide is the formation of
A
5-phosphoribiosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP)
5
Q
The phase in the cell cycle when DNA undergoes replication
A
S phase
6
Q
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is the due to the deficiency of this enzyme used in the salvage pathway
A
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase
7
Q
This enzyme is inhibited by allopurinol
A
Xanthine oxidase
8
Q
In the purine salvage cycle which interconvert AMP and GMP, deficiency of this enzyme results in an immunodeficiency disorder involving B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes (SCID)
A
Adenosine deaminase
9
Q
Direct synthesis of ATP from high-energy compounds is known as
A
Substrate level phosphorylation
10
Q
Salivary amylase catalyzes the cleavage of ___
A
Alpha-1, 4 glycosidic bonds of starch
11
Q
The initial step or reaction in the utilization of all sugar is
A
Phosphorylation
12
Q
In the salvage pathway of the synthesis of the purine nucleotide, ribose 5-PO4 is obtained from
A
HMP shunt
13
Q
Methotrexate inhibits this enzyme
A
DHFR
14
Q
This chemotherapeutic agent inhibits thymidylate synthetase
A
5-FU
15
Q
The buffering capacity of hemoglobin is due to this amino acid residue
A
Histidine
16
Q
Drug that will inhibit enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and salts
A
Cholestyramine
17
Q
Chief vehicle that transports dietary lipids in the blood
A
Chylomicron
18
Q
he “clearing factor” refers to
A
Extrahepatic lipoprotein lipase
19
Q
The prostanoid with the greatest vasodilatory effect is
A
Prostacyclin
20
Q
The platelets produce a potent vasoconstrictor called
A
Serotonin
21
Q
The cofactor required for the enzyme activity of the pyruvate decarboxylase component of the E. coli pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is
A
TRP (Thiazolium ring of the thiamine pyrophosphate)
22
Q
Two function groups that are always present in a carbohydrate
A
Aldehyde and ketone groups
23
Q
As a rule, the number of isomers that a sugar has depends on
A
The number of chiral carbons
24
Q
The syndrome of polyneuropathy associated with
A
Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome
25
Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome is encountered in chronic alcoholics and is primarily due to a deficiency of
Thiamine
26
Synthesis of the fatty acids require the use of NADPH reducing equivalents main source of NADPH in the cells is this pathway
Phosphogluconic pathway/PPP
27
One of the following pathways explains the occurrence of essential pentosuria
HMP
28
Final common pathway for catabolism of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids
Kreb cycle
29
Principal source of NADH2 for oxidative phosphorylation
Kreb cycle
30
Source of substrates needed for synthesis of glucose
Kreb cycle
31
The reversible interconversion of the Citric acid, cis-aconitic acid and isocitric acid in the TCA cycle is catalyzed by
Aconitase
32
The metabolites of the citric acid cycle cycle can be used both for synthesis of substances and catabolism purposes hence it is a ___ pathway
An amphibolic pathway
33
The enzyme catalyzing the anaplerotic reaction in TCA cycle is
Pyruvate carboxylase
34
This polysaccharide, utilized in laboratory separation and purification techniques is used as a plasma substitute or extender in the treatment of shock
Dextran
35
Which of the following uses only glucose as fuel under all nutritional states
RBC
36
Anaerobic oxidation of glucose yields as end product
Lactic acid
37
In which compartment of the cell does glycolysis occur
Soluble cytoplasm
38
In glycolysis, the immediate product of the reaction catalyzed by hexokinase is
Glucose-6- phosphate
39
The most potent activator of phosphofructokinase known to date
Fructose 2,6 biphosphate
40
Which enzyme in glycolysis is inhibited by fluoride
Enolase
41
What reaction links the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway to the aerobic pathway
Decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
42
Jumping Genes
Transposons
43
CHARGAFF’s RULE
A = T and C = G
44
Coding Region
Exons
45
STOP codons
UAG, UAA, UGA (nonsense mutation)
46
Sickle cell anemia is an example of what mutation
Missense mutation
47
Sickle cell anemia is a substitution of which amino acid
Substitution of VALINE & GLUTAMIC ACID
48
Thermostable enzyme in PCR
Taq Polymerase
49
Confirmatory test for HIV
Western Blot
50
Screening test for HIV
ELISA
51
Test for DNA
Southern Blot [think SNoW DRoP]
52
Test for Protein
Western Blot [think SNoW DRoP]
53
Relax/unwind negative supercoils
Topoisomerase
54
Relax/unwind positive supercoils
Helicase
55
Substance in egg whites responsible for binding with biotin
Avidin
56
Cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis
Riboflavin deficiency
57
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency
58
Beri Beri
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency [think Ber1 Ber1]
59
Pellagra
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency
60
4 Ds of pellagra
Dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea, death
61
Amino acid precursor of niacin
Tryptophan
62
Polished rice eaters
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency
63
Thiaminase can be found in what food stuff
Undercooked shellfish
64
Anti-thiamine can be found in what food stuff
Tea
65
Corn eaters
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
66
Neural tube defects; Anemia
Vitamin B9 (Folate) deficiency
67
Transport form of vitamin B12
Transcobalamin
68
Transfer of ethyl groups (S-adenosylmethionine SAM)
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
69
Transfers cytosolic reducing equivalents to the mitochondrion
Malate-aspartate shuttle
70
More than half of the glycogen in the body is found in
Skeletal muscle
71
Diabetic cataract formation may be attributed to excessive formation of ___ which accumulates in the
eye
Sorbitol
72
Subacute Combined Degeneration
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency
73
Deficiency found in Strict Vegetarians
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency
74
The polyuria in diabetes mellitus is due to
Osmotic diuresis
75
Enzyme deficiency: McArdle’s syndrome
Muscle phosphorylase/MYOPHOSPHORYLASE
76
Enzyme deficiency: Von Gierke’s
Glucose-6-phosphatase
77
Glycogen Storage Disease Type II
Pompe
78
Enzyme deficiency: Cori’s disease
Debranching enzyme
79
Enzyme deficiency: Tarui’s Disease
PFK
80
A component of lung surfactant, this lipid lowers the surface tension in the alveoli and prevents respiratory distress syndrome
DPPC
81
Ketone bodies
1) Beta hydroxybutyric aicd 2) Acetoacetate 3) Acetone
82
The major enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis
COX
83
The primary level of protein structure is stabilized by
Peptide bonds
84
Secondary level of proteins
Beta pleated sheets, Beta turns, Alpha helix
85
Tertiary level of proteins
Domains (Immunoglobulin light & heavy chains)
86
Quaternary structure
Hgb
87
Theory on mechanism of enzyme action proposed by Koshland
Flexible site theory / induced fit
88
Equal to the substrate concentration at which the initial reaction velocity is half- maximal
Km (Michaelis-Menten constant)
89
In the cell, transfer of one-carbon compound as in the synthesis of serine from glycine, requires the participation of which coenzyme
Tetrahydrofolic acid
90
The central dogma in molecular biology can be summed up in this sequence of processes
Replication, transcription, translation
91
Consists of three consecutive base pairs
Codon
92
Methotrexate in cancer treatment is attributed to its capacity to inhibit this enzyme in actively dividing cells
DHFR
93
Major classes of Ig is based on
Heavy chain
94
Michaelis- Menten constant (Km) can be determined more accurately by using the
Lineweaver- Burk plot
95
States that the total energy of a system, including its surroundings remains constant
First law of thermodynamics
96
States that the total entropy of a system must increase if a process is to occur spontaneously
The second law of thermodynamics
97
Which enzyme protects our tissues from oxygen toxicity caused by the superoxide free radical
Superoxide dismutase
98
Bacterial transcription factor that initiates binding of bacterial RNA polymerase to gene promoters
Sigma factor
99
Bacterial transcription factor that terminates transcription
Rho factor
100
Bacterial ribosomes bind to WHAT on their corresponding mRNA strands
Shine Delgarno sequence
101
This molecule accepts the electrons from cytochrome aa3 found in complex IV
O2
102
Product of anaerobic metabolism in exercising muscle
Lactate
103
At neutral pH, a mixture of amino acids in solution would be predominantly
Dipolar ions/zwitterions
104
Severe phenylketonuria and shortened lifespan is a result of
Deficient or missing dihydrobiopterin
105
Ultraviolet light causes DNA damage by
Formation of pyrimidine dimers (Xeroderma Pigmentosum)
106
The mutational event responsible for the mutation in the ®-chain in sickle cell anemia
Missense mutation
107
Diphtheria toxin is often lethal in unimmunized persons because
Blocks elongation of proteins by inactivating elongation factor 2
108
Inborn error of metabolism associated with skeletal deformities and dislocation of the lens of the eyes
Homocystinuria
109
Homocystinuria is an inborn error of metabolism of what amino acid
Methionine
110
Alkaptonuria is a defect of what enzyme
Homogentisic acid oxidase
111
Maple syrup disease is a defect of what enzyme
KETOACID DEHYDROGENASE
112
Tay-sachs disease is a DEFECT of what ENZYME
HEXOSAMINIDASE A
113
Sandhoff’s Disease is a defect of what enzyme
Hexosaminidase A and B
114
The slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis
SRS-A
115
SRS-A is made up of
Leukotrienes
116
Rate limiting enzyme for cholesterol synthesis
8-HYDROXY -3- METHYLGLUTARYL, CoA REDUCTASE or HMG CoA REDUCTASE
117
Rate limiting enzyme for INTRACYTOPLASMIC FATTY ACID SYTHESIS
8-HYDROXY -3- METHYLGLUTARYL, CoA REDUCTASE or HMG CoA REDUCTASE
118
Which enzyme is responsible for joining okazaki fragments during DNA replication
DNA ligase
119
The correct mRNA is made from the opposite strand
ANTI-SENSE RNA
120
Substituting purine to pyrimidine or vice-versa
Transversion
121
Portion of the genes which carry the actual genetic information coding for protein
Exon
122
Hartnup’s disease is a defect in
Transport of neutral AA (eg. TRYPTOPHAN)
123
The eukaryotic DNA polymerase responsible for the synthesis of lagging strands is
Alpha
124
Eukaryotic DNA polymerase responsible for DNA repair
Beta and epsilon
125
Eukaryotic DNA polymerase responsible for mitochondrial DNA synthesis
Gamma
126
Eukaryotic DNA polymerase responsible for leading strand synthesis
Delta
127
Lipoprotein considered as reverse transporter
HDL
128
MOA of fibric acid derivatives (As lipid-lowering agent)
STIMULATES LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE
129
Natural antioxidant
Vitamin E
130
Mirror images
Enantiomer
131
D & L forms
Mirror images/enantiomers
132
Essential amino acid that can undergo glucose formation
Methionine
133
Amino acid that can undergo glucose formation
Alanine
134
Inhibited in disufiram reactions
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
135
Produced in the body in chronic kidney dx that is available in recombinant form
EPO
