MESH POOL Flashcards
Pathways that take place in the mitochondria
[MITO FATO] 1) FA oxidation 2) Acetyl CoA production 3) TCA 4) Oxidative phosphorylation ***4) Ketone body synthesis
Both cytosol and mitochondria
[HUG] 1) Heme synthesis 2) Urea cycle 3) Gluconeogenesis
Cytosol
1) Glycolysis 2) Protein and steroid synthesis 3) Fatty acid synthesis 4) HMP
The committed step in the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotide is the formation of
5-phosphoribiosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP)
The phase in the cell cycle when DNA undergoes replication
S phase
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is the due to the deficiency of this enzyme used in the salvage pathway
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase
This enzyme is inhibited by allopurinol
Xanthine oxidase
In the purine salvage cycle which interconvert AMP and GMP, deficiency of this enzyme results in an immunodeficiency disorder involving B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes (SCID)
Adenosine deaminase
Direct synthesis of ATP from high-energy compounds is known as
Substrate level phosphorylation
Salivary amylase catalyzes the cleavage of ___
Alpha-1, 4 glycosidic bonds of starch
The initial step or reaction in the utilization of all sugar is
Phosphorylation
In the salvage pathway of the synthesis of the purine nucleotide, ribose 5-PO4 is obtained from
HMP shunt
Methotrexate inhibits this enzyme
DHFR
This chemotherapeutic agent inhibits thymidylate synthetase
5-FU
The buffering capacity of hemoglobin is due to this amino acid residue
Histidine
Drug that will inhibit enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and salts
Cholestyramine
Chief vehicle that transports dietary lipids in the blood
Chylomicron
he “clearing factor” refers to
Extrahepatic lipoprotein lipase
The prostanoid with the greatest vasodilatory effect is
Prostacyclin
The platelets produce a potent vasoconstrictor called
Serotonin
The cofactor required for the enzyme activity of the pyruvate decarboxylase component of the E. coli pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is
TRP (Thiazolium ring of the thiamine pyrophosphate)
Two function groups that are always present in a carbohydrate
Aldehyde and ketone groups
As a rule, the number of isomers that a sugar has depends on
The number of chiral carbons
The syndrome of polyneuropathy associated with
Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome
Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome is encountered in chronic alcoholics and is primarily due to a deficiency of
Thiamine
Synthesis of the fatty acids require the use of NADPH reducing equivalents main source of NADPH in the cells is this pathway
Phosphogluconic pathway/PPP
One of the following pathways explains the occurrence of essential pentosuria
HMP
Final common pathway for catabolism of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids
Kreb cycle
Principal source of NADH2 for oxidative phosphorylation
Kreb cycle
Source of substrates needed for synthesis of glucose
Kreb cycle
The reversible interconversion of the Citric acid, cis-aconitic acid and isocitric acid in the TCA cycle is catalyzed by
Aconitase
The metabolites of the citric acid cycle cycle can be used both for synthesis of substances and catabolism purposes hence it is a ___ pathway
An amphibolic pathway
The enzyme catalyzing the anaplerotic reaction in TCA cycle is
Pyruvate carboxylase
This polysaccharide, utilized in laboratory separation and purification techniques is used as a plasma substitute or extender in the treatment of shock
Dextran
Which of the following uses only glucose as fuel under all nutritional states
RBC
Anaerobic oxidation of glucose yields as end product
Lactic acid
In which compartment of the cell does glycolysis occur
Soluble cytoplasm
In glycolysis, the immediate product of the reaction catalyzed by hexokinase is
Glucose-6- phosphate
The most potent activator of phosphofructokinase known to date
Fructose 2,6 biphosphate
Which enzyme in glycolysis is inhibited by fluoride
Enolase
What reaction links the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway to the aerobic pathway
Decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
Jumping Genes
Transposons
CHARGAFF’s RULE
A = T and C = G
Coding Region
Exons
STOP codons
UAG, UAA, UGA (nonsense mutation)
Sickle cell anemia is an example of what mutation
Missense mutation
Sickle cell anemia is a substitution of which amino acid
Substitution of VALINE & GLUTAMIC ACID
Thermostable enzyme in PCR
Taq Polymerase
Confirmatory test for HIV
Western Blot
Screening test for HIV
ELISA
Test for DNA
Southern Blot [think SNoW DRoP]
Test for Protein
Western Blot [think SNoW DRoP]
Relax/unwind negative supercoils
Topoisomerase
Relax/unwind positive supercoils
Helicase
Substance in egg whites responsible for binding with biotin
Avidin
Cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis
Riboflavin deficiency
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency
Beri Beri
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency [think Ber1 Ber1]
Pellagra
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency
4 Ds of pellagra
Dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea, death
Amino acid precursor of niacin
Tryptophan
Polished rice eaters
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency
Thiaminase can be found in what food stuff
Undercooked shellfish
Anti-thiamine can be found in what food stuff
Tea
Corn eaters
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Neural tube defects; Anemia
Vitamin B9 (Folate) deficiency
Transport form of vitamin B12
Transcobalamin
Transfer of ethyl groups (S-adenosylmethionine SAM)
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Transfers cytosolic reducing equivalents to the mitochondrion
Malate-aspartate shuttle
More than half of the glycogen in the body is found in
Skeletal muscle
Diabetic cataract formation may be attributed to excessive formation of ___ which accumulates in the
eye
Sorbitol
Subacute Combined Degeneration
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency
Deficiency found in Strict Vegetarians
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency
The polyuria in diabetes mellitus is due to
Osmotic diuresis
Enzyme deficiency: McArdle’s syndrome
Muscle phosphorylase/MYOPHOSPHORYLASE
Enzyme deficiency: Von Gierke’s
Glucose-6-phosphatase
Glycogen Storage Disease Type II
Pompe
Enzyme deficiency: Cori’s disease
Debranching enzyme
Enzyme deficiency: Tarui’s Disease
PFK
A component of lung surfactant, this lipid lowers the surface tension in the alveoli and prevents respiratory distress syndrome
DPPC
Ketone bodies
1) Beta hydroxybutyric aicd 2) Acetoacetate 3) Acetone
The major enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis
COX
The primary level of protein structure is stabilized by
Peptide bonds
Secondary level of proteins
Beta pleated sheets, Beta turns, Alpha helix
Tertiary level of proteins
Domains (Immunoglobulin light & heavy chains)
Quaternary structure
Hgb
Theory on mechanism of enzyme action proposed by Koshland
Flexible site theory / induced fit
Equal to the substrate concentration at which the initial reaction velocity is half- maximal
Km (Michaelis-Menten constant)
In the cell, transfer of one-carbon compound as in the synthesis of serine from glycine, requires the participation of which coenzyme
Tetrahydrofolic acid
The central dogma in molecular biology can be summed up in this sequence of processes
Replication, transcription, translation
Consists of three consecutive base pairs
Codon
Methotrexate in cancer treatment is attributed to its capacity to inhibit this enzyme in actively dividing cells
DHFR
Major classes of Ig is based on
Heavy chain
Michaelis- Menten constant (Km) can be determined more accurately by using the
Lineweaver- Burk plot
States that the total energy of a system, including its surroundings remains constant
First law of thermodynamics
States that the total entropy of a system must increase if a process is to occur spontaneously
The second law of thermodynamics
Which enzyme protects our tissues from oxygen toxicity caused by the superoxide free radical
Superoxide dismutase
Bacterial transcription factor that initiates binding of bacterial RNA polymerase to gene promoters
Sigma factor
Bacterial transcription factor that terminates transcription
Rho factor
Bacterial ribosomes bind to WHAT on their corresponding mRNA strands
Shine Delgarno sequence
This molecule accepts the electrons from cytochrome aa3 found in complex IV
O2
Product of anaerobic metabolism in exercising muscle
Lactate
At neutral pH, a mixture of amino acids in solution would be predominantly
Dipolar ions/zwitterions
Severe phenylketonuria and shortened lifespan is a result of
Deficient or missing dihydrobiopterin
Ultraviolet light causes DNA damage by
Formation of pyrimidine dimers (Xeroderma Pigmentosum)
The mutational event responsible for the mutation in the ®-chain in sickle cell anemia
Missense mutation
Diphtheria toxin is often lethal in unimmunized persons because
Blocks elongation of proteins by inactivating elongation factor 2
Inborn error of metabolism associated with skeletal deformities and dislocation of the lens of the eyes
Homocystinuria
Homocystinuria is an inborn error of metabolism of what amino acid
Methionine
Alkaptonuria is a defect of what enzyme
Homogentisic acid oxidase
Maple syrup disease is a defect of what enzyme
KETOACID DEHYDROGENASE
Tay-sachs disease is a DEFECT of what ENZYME
HEXOSAMINIDASE A
Sandhoff’s Disease is a defect of what enzyme
Hexosaminidase A and B
The slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis
SRS-A
SRS-A is made up of
Leukotrienes
Rate limiting enzyme for cholesterol synthesis
8-HYDROXY -3- METHYLGLUTARYL, CoA REDUCTASE or HMG CoA REDUCTASE
Rate limiting enzyme for INTRACYTOPLASMIC FATTY ACID SYTHESIS
8-HYDROXY -3- METHYLGLUTARYL, CoA REDUCTASE or HMG CoA REDUCTASE
Which enzyme is responsible for joining okazaki fragments during DNA replication
DNA ligase
The correct mRNA is made from the opposite strand
ANTI-SENSE RNA
Substituting purine to pyrimidine or vice-versa
Transversion
Portion of the genes which carry the actual genetic information coding for protein
Exon
Hartnup’s disease is a defect in
Transport of neutral AA (eg. TRYPTOPHAN)
The eukaryotic DNA polymerase responsible for the synthesis of lagging strands is
Alpha
Eukaryotic DNA polymerase responsible for DNA repair
Beta and epsilon
Eukaryotic DNA polymerase responsible for mitochondrial DNA synthesis
Gamma
Eukaryotic DNA polymerase responsible for leading strand synthesis
Delta
Lipoprotein considered as reverse transporter
HDL
MOA of fibric acid derivatives (As lipid-lowering agent)
STIMULATES LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE
Natural antioxidant
Vitamin E
Mirror images
Enantiomer
D & L forms
Mirror images/enantiomers
Essential amino acid that can undergo glucose formation
Methionine
Amino acid that can undergo glucose formation
Alanine
Inhibited in disufiram reactions
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
Produced in the body in chronic kidney dx that is available in recombinant form
EPO