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History > Peace Treaties > Flashcards

Peace Treaties Flashcards

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1
Q

Treaty of Versailles completed

A

April 1919

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2
Q

Draft handed to Germany

A

7 May 1919

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3
Q

Final treaty given to Germany

A

16 June 1919

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4
Q

Germany signs Treaty of Versailles

A

28 June 1919

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5
Q

Treaty of St Germain signed

A

10th September 1919

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6
Q

Treaty of Neuilly

A

Bulgaria; 27 November 1919

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7
Q

January 1920

A

LoN established
US Senate votes against joining
British gain mandate for Palestine
French gain mandate for Syria

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8
Q

Clemenceau defeated in general elections

A

January 1920

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9
Q

Treaty of Trianon

A

Hungary; 4 June 1920

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10
Q

Treaty of Sèvres

A

Turkey; 10 August 1920

Provokes nationalist uprising led by Mustafa Kemal

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11
Q

Reparations Commission fixes German debt

A

April 1921

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12
Q

September-October 1922

A

Crisis in Turkey ending in Nationalist victory

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13
Q

Treaty of Lausanne

A

Turkey; 24 July 1923

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14
Q

Paris Peace Conferences begin

A

19 January 1919

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15
Q

Number of commissions and committees during the Paris discussions

A

58

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16
Q

Number of countries attending the opening ceremonies

A

27

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17
Q

Total number of countries represented with the Paris PC

A

32

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18
Q

Covenant

A

The document that established the rules and regulations of the LoN

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19
Q

Agreement reached on the LoN

A

February 1919

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20
Q

Wilson’s view of the LoN

A

A world parliament where representatives of all nations discussed reached decisions on matters that affected them

21
Q

Britain’s view on the LoN

A

Loose organization that met in case of an emergency

22
Q

French view of the LoN

A

A military alliance that enforced the terms of the treaties, ensured France’s future security, limited German recovery and intervened in disputes if necessary.

23
Q

War Guilt clause and clause 232

A

Germany forced to pay:

  • reparations justified on a legal basis because it was responsible for the outbreak of the war
  • compensation for the damage done to the civilian population of the Allies and the Associated governments (war pensions)
  • punishment for violating the 1839 Treaty of London guaranteeing Belgium’s independence and neutrality
  • compensation for the damage done to Belgium
24
Q

Britain withdraws financial assistance to France

A

March 1919

25
Q

Who demanded the adding of the compensation for damage caused to civilians (war pensions)?

A

Britain’s Imperial War Council

26
Q

Who wanted the maximum possible reparations in France?

A

Chamber of Deputies + minister of finance + Press –> internal division

27
Q

Who wanted immediate cash and thus a moderate sum to start to rebuild France?

A

Minister for reconstruction

28
Q

How much of everything did Germany lose with the Treaty of Versailles?

A

10% of its land
12,5% of its population
16% of its coal fields
50% of its iron and steel industries

29
Q

What was established in order to solve the disputes between the Allies over the extent of the reparations?

A

The Reparations Commission which aimed to establish how much Germany could actually pay. It came up with the final figure only in 1921.

30
Q

Different estimations of the extent of the reparations

A

Britain - £24 billion
Keynes - £2 billion
Final sum - £6.6 billion

31
Q

Form of payment of the reparations

A
  • Germany’s gold reserve was not large enough
  • hand over all merchant ships over 1600 tonnes
  • hand over half the merchant ships 800 and 1600 tonnes
  • build 200,000 tonnes of shipping each year for the next 5 years for the Allies
  • deliver coal and timber to France, Italy and Belgium
  • cover the cost of the Allied occupation force
32
Q

Cruzon Proposal

A

December 1919; proposal by the British foreign secretary that was agreed during the Paris peace conferences about Polish Eastern borders with Soviet Russia

33
Q

Amount of losses for Germany in the East

A

2 million Germans and significant amounts of coal

Had to give up land gained with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk –> creation of the baltic states

34
Q

Impact of losing its colonies and trading rights in China and Egypt on Germany

A

Loss of raw materials and markets for its industrial goods

35
Q

When were Germany’s colonies (mandates) allocated?

A

May 1919

36
Q

The extent of disarmament in Germany

A

Germany must reduce its armed forces “to the lowest point compatible with internal security”

37
Q

The Disarmament Comission

A

Overlooked the reduction and destruction of the weaponry of the defeated forces

38
Q

Bank of Austria collapses

A

1922

39
Q

Terms of Treaty of Saint Germain

A
  • formally recognized the break-up of the AH empire and the establishment of the independent state of Czechoslovakia
  • not allowed to unite with other countries without LoN approval
  • army reduced to 30,000 men
  • lost a lot of its land and most of its industry
  • forced to pay reparations
  • as a consequence, it lost 15 million of its former population
  • lost the Brennen pass, Trentino, Trieste, South Tyrol to Italy
40
Q

Lands taken away from Austria to create a series of independent successor states

A

Bohemia and Moravia–>Czechoslovakia (3 million Germans found themselves in the Sudetenland)
Bosnia and Herzegovina–>Serbia
Galicia–>Poland

41
Q

Allied introsuion into Turkey

A

Did not only extract money, but set up a financial commission that looked into Turkey’s financial situation and the extent of its debts

42
Q

Combined Allied force enters Constantinople

A

March 1919

43
Q

French gains from the Treaty of Sèvres with Turkey

A
  • shares in the Turkish Petroleum Company

- mandate over Lebanon and Syria

44
Q

British gains from the ToS (10th August 1920)

A
  • protectorate over Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt

- mandate over Palestine and Iraq

45
Q

Other changes

A
  • Armenia and Kurdistan became independent

- its army was reduced to 30,000 men

46
Q

Lloyd George’s wish for Turkey

A

All areas without an ethnic Turkish majority would become independent from Turkey

47
Q

Gabrielle D’Annunzio leads 500 troops to the port of Fiume and maintains control for a year

A

September 1919

48
Q

Why should the Germans not have been surprised at the terms of the treaty?

A
  1. When signing the armistice they were aware that their army would be reduced, they would lose land and have to pay reparations
  2. They took away 25% or 1/4 of Russia’s farmland and population
  3. They demanded 5 billion francs from France in 1870 and placed troops in France until they were paid

History (9 decks)

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