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Peace Treaties Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Treaty of Versailles completed

A

April 1919

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2
Q

Draft handed to Germany

A

7 May 1919

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3
Q

Final treaty given to Germany

A

16 June 1919

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4
Q

Germany signs Treaty of Versailles

A

28 June 1919

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5
Q

Treaty of St Germain signed

A

10th September 1919

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6
Q

Treaty of Neuilly

A

Bulgaria; 27 November 1919

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7
Q

January 1920

A

LoN established
US Senate votes against joining
British gain mandate for Palestine
French gain mandate for Syria

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8
Q

Clemenceau defeated in general elections

A

January 1920

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9
Q

Treaty of Trianon

A

Hungary; 4 June 1920

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10
Q

Treaty of Sèvres

A

Turkey; 10 August 1920

Provokes nationalist uprising led by Mustafa Kemal

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11
Q

Reparations Commission fixes German debt

A

April 1921

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12
Q

September-October 1922

A

Crisis in Turkey ending in Nationalist victory

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13
Q

Treaty of Lausanne

A

Turkey; 24 July 1923

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14
Q

Paris Peace Conferences begin

A

19 January 1919

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15
Q

Number of commissions and committees during the Paris discussions

A

58

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16
Q

Number of countries attending the opening ceremonies

A

27

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17
Q

Total number of countries represented with the Paris PC

A

32

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18
Q

Covenant

A

The document that established the rules and regulations of the LoN

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19
Q

Agreement reached on the LoN

A

February 1919

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20
Q

Wilson’s view of the LoN

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A

A world parliament where representatives of all nations discussed reached decisions on matters that affected them

21
Q

Britain’s view on the LoN

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A

Loose organization that met in case of an emergency

22
Q

French view of the LoN

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A

A military alliance that enforced the terms of the treaties, ensured France’s future security, limited German recovery and intervened in disputes if necessary.

23
Q

War Guilt clause and clause 232

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A

Germany forced to pay:

  • reparations justified on a legal basis because it was responsible for the outbreak of the war
  • compensation for the damage done to the civilian population of the Allies and the Associated governments (war pensions)
  • punishment for violating the 1839 Treaty of London guaranteeing Belgium’s independence and neutrality
  • compensation for the damage done to Belgium
24
Q

Britain withdraws financial assistance to France

25
Who demanded the adding of the compensation for damage caused to civilians (war pensions)?
Britain's Imperial War Council
26
Who wanted the maximum possible reparations in France?
Chamber of Deputies + minister of finance + Press --> internal division
27
Who wanted immediate cash and thus a moderate sum to start to rebuild France?
Minister for reconstruction
28
How much of everything did Germany lose with the Treaty of Versailles?
10% of its land 12,5% of its population 16% of its coal fields 50% of its iron and steel industries
29
What was established in order to solve the disputes between the Allies over the extent of the reparations?
The Reparations Commission which aimed to establish how much Germany could actually pay. It came up with the final figure only in 1921.
30
Different estimations of the extent of the reparations
Britain - £24 billion Keynes - £2 billion Final sum - £6.6 billion
31
Form of payment of the reparations
- Germany's gold reserve was not large enough - hand over all merchant ships over 1600 tonnes - hand over half the merchant ships 800 and 1600 tonnes - build 200,000 tonnes of shipping each year for the next 5 years for the Allies - deliver coal and timber to France, Italy and Belgium - cover the cost of the Allied occupation force
32
Cruzon Proposal
December 1919; proposal by the British foreign secretary that was agreed during the Paris peace conferences about Polish Eastern borders with Soviet Russia
33
Amount of losses for Germany in the East
2 million Germans and significant amounts of coal | Had to give up land gained with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk --> creation of the baltic states
34
Impact of losing its colonies and trading rights in China and Egypt on Germany
Loss of raw materials and markets for its industrial goods
35
When were Germany's colonies (mandates) allocated?
May 1919
36
The extent of disarmament in Germany
Germany must reduce its armed forces "to the lowest point compatible with internal security"
37
The Disarmament Comission
Overlooked the reduction and destruction of the weaponry of the defeated forces
38
Bank of Austria collapses
1922
39
Terms of Treaty of Saint Germain
- formally recognized the break-up of the AH empire and the establishment of the independent state of Czechoslovakia - not allowed to unite with other countries without LoN approval - army reduced to 30,000 men - lost a lot of its land and most of its industry - forced to pay reparations - as a consequence, it lost 15 million of its former population - lost the Brennen pass, Trentino, Trieste, South Tyrol to Italy
40
Lands taken away from Austria to create a series of independent successor states
Bohemia and Moravia-->Czechoslovakia (3 million Germans found themselves in the Sudetenland) Bosnia and Herzegovina-->Serbia Galicia-->Poland
41
Allied introsuion into Turkey
Did not only extract money, but set up a financial commission that looked into Turkey's financial situation and the extent of its debts
42
Combined Allied force enters Constantinople
March 1919
43
French gains from the Treaty of Sèvres with Turkey
- shares in the Turkish Petroleum Company | - mandate over Lebanon and Syria
44
British gains from the ToS (10th August 1920)
- protectorate over Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt | - mandate over Palestine and Iraq
45
Other changes
- Armenia and Kurdistan became independent | - its army was reduced to 30,000 men
46
Lloyd George's wish for Turkey
All areas without an ethnic Turkish majority would become independent from Turkey
47
Gabrielle D'Annunzio leads 500 troops to the port of Fiume and maintains control for a year
September 1919
48
Why should the Germans not have been surprised at the terms of the treaty?
1. When signing the armistice they were aware that their army would be reduced, they would lose land and have to pay reparations 2. They took away 25% or 1/4 of Russia's farmland and population 3. They demanded 5 billion francs from France in 1870 and placed troops in France until they were paid

History (9 decks)

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