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Peace Treaties Flashcards

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1
Q

Paris Peace Conference

A
  • Britain, France, Italy, Japan, US attended
  • (Georges Clemenceau) France was extremely harsh towards Germany to ensure the safety of their country
  • (Lloyd George) Britain was the mid ground, wanted to punish Germany but not too harshly to avoid resentment and the destruction of Germany
  • US wanted 14 points (WW) and not punish Germany so harshly
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2
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A

GENERAL
- War guilt clause (Germany had to assume all blame for the war
- Germany had to pay harsh reparations

LAND ARMY
- Limits German army to 100,000 men with no navy
- Conscription forbidden
- No tanks or heavy artillery
- Rhineland demilitarized
- No reserve force allowed

TERRITORY
- Loss of German colonies (Alsace-Lorraine to France, Denmark Lithuania Czechoslovakia Belgium returned)
- Placed the Saarland, formerly german, under the LON control for 15 years (then plebiscite)
- Rhineland demilitarized
- Danzig established as a Free City, separated from Germany
- Danzig economically integrated with Poland
- Allied military forces occupy Rhineland for 15 years

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3
Q

Big 3 Aims: USA (Woodrow Wilson)

A
  • 14 points
  • LON to be included in every peace treaty YES
  • Disarmament of all nations (main) NO (only losing nations)
  • Able to do business with Rhineland YES
  • Independent Poland state YES
  • Free nation of the seas NO
  • Britain France and Japan received colonies instead of the league (BAD)
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4
Q

Big 3 Aims: France (Georges Clemenceau

A
  • Alsace-Lorraine YES
  • Money from Germany YES
  • Disarmament of Germany YES
  • Aid from Britain and US financially in case of future war NO
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5
Q

Big 3 Aims: Britain (Lloyd George)

A
  • Dissuade France from being so harsh NO
  • Gain land from German colonies YES (Togoland and Cameroon)
  • German-speaking people under French or Polish rule
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6
Q

Impact of TOV on Germany

A
  • Too harsh, therefore vengeful
  • German officials were not given the choice to negotiate
  • Germany was not in agreement that they were 100% to blame for the war
  • (Disarmament) 100,000 men were not enough to protect against communism in the east
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7
Q

Saint Germain

A

1919
- Austria
- Accept Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia as independent
- Breaks up Austria-Hungary into two separate nations
- All sea ports were taken, neutralizing Austrian navy
- Tryol lost to Italy
- Poland, Romania, and Hungary all gained land
- Population fell from 22 million to 6 million
- Army limitation to 30,000 men

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8
Q

Trianon

A

1920
- Hungary
- Break up of Austria-Hungary
- Accept Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia as independent
- Land given to Romania
- Limits army to 35,000 men
- Seaports were taken

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9
Q

Neuilly-Sur-Seine

A

1919
- Bulgaria
- Land given to Greece, Romania, and Yugoslavia
- Lost access to sea
- Limits army to 20,000 men
- Paid 100 million dollars in reparations

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10
Q

Sevres

A

1920
- Turkey
- Ottoman Empire broken up
- Bosphorus strait (trade route) made international
- Land given to Greece, Britain, and Armania
- Italy and France gained control over Anatolia
- Allies controlled finance of Turkey and they were forced to pay reparations
- Army reduced to 50,000 men

WHY IT WAS REJECTED
- Nationalist movement led by Mustafa Kemal
- Recapture of Smyrna in 1922 showed how successful nationalist forces can be
- Mustafa established a new government in Ankara and launched a resistance against the Ottoman government in Istanbul

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11
Q

Lausanne

A

1923
- Turkey pt. 2
- Land taken from them previously including Anatolia returned
- Armenia and Kurdistan were no longer independent
- No more reparations had to be paid
- Influence zones no longer controlled by European powers

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12
Q

Locarno

A

1925
- Confirmed the demilitarized state of Rhineland
- Rhineland was to stay under the control of Germany but Allied military personnel enforced the demilitarisation for 15 years

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13
Q

WW 14 points

A
  • End secret treaties
  • Freedom of the seas
  • Free trade internationally
  • LON created
  • Polish independence
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14
Q

Danzig

A
  • Free City of Danzig
  • Separated from Germany
  • Under the protection of the LON
  • Economically integrated with Poland
  • Majority German speakers but also had Polish speakers
  • Created german resentment
  • Very economically significant to Poland since it had a port with access to the Baltic sea
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15
Q

(a) What happened to the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the Treaty of Saint Germain?

A
  • Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia indepentent
  • Breaks up Austria-Hungary into two separate nations
  • All sea ports were taken, neutralizing Austrian navy
    -Army limits to 30,000 men
  • Population fell from 22 to 6 million
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16
Q

(b) Why was President Wilson an important figure in the peace negotiations?

A
  • Represented US (Major world power, strong military, strong trade partner)
  • Made 14 points (Served as a major point of discussion, lead to the creation of the LON)
17
Q

(c) Are you surprised that Germany was so upset by the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? Explain your answer.

A

YES, bc
- They knew that France wanted to be as harsh as possible, so they could expect what was to come
- Were still allowed to keep a small army along with the Rhineland (even though demilitarised)

NO, bc
- Harsh territorial losses (Alsace-Loraine to France and lost African colonies)
- Harsh reparations paid
- 100,000 men military restriction

18
Q

(a) What were the main aims of Wilson’s Fourteen Points?

A
  • End secret treaties
  • Freedom of the seas
  • Free trade internationally
  • LON created
  • Polish independence
19
Q

(b) Why did the Treaty of Versailles have important economic consequences for Germany in the years 1919-23?

A
  • Reparations (lead to economic hardship, hyperinflation, and no money to recover losses from the war, army reduced from 350,000 to 100,000, leading to 250,000 being unemployed)
  • Loss of Territories (Loss of industrial nations like Saar Basin with coal mines, harming production)
20
Q

(c) ‘The issue of land was the most difficult for the Allies to deal with in deciding the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.

A

YES, bc
- Ethnic complications (Upper Silesia, plebiscite had to be organized and an agreement had to be reached, differing ethnicities meant that public usually didn’t agree on who to go to)

NO, bc
- Deciding how many reparations Germany would have to pay was a challenge due to GC and Lloyd George disagreeing
- Military restrictions that don’t pose Germany as a threat but allow them to protect themselves against communism

21
Q

(a) What were Clemenceau’s demands at the beginning of the peace negotiations?

A
  • Destroy Germany economically
  • Gain African and other German colonies
  • Completely demilitarise Germany
  • Return of Alsace-Loraine
22
Q

(b) Why was the Treaty of Saint Germain important?

A
  • Broke up Austria-Hungary (broke up the empire into two separate countries, meaning Austria’s population fell from 22 to 6 million)
  • Army limitations (Limited Ausria’s army to 30,000 men and took all sea ports from them, neutralizing their navy
23
Q

(c) ‘Wilson gained what he wanted in the peace negotiations.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.

A

YES, bc
- LON was created as a mean of international cooperation
- Poland was recognised as independent in the TOV

NO, bc
- No freedom of the seas for trade
- Only losing countries disarmed, and no Allies

24
Q

(a) What were Wilson’s hopes as he arrived in France for the peace negotiations?

A
  • End secret treaties
  • Freedom of the seas
  • Free trade internationally
  • LON created
  • Polish independence
25
Q

(b) Why was the Treaty of Sevres important?

A
  • Broke Ottoman Empire up (This lead to land being given up to Greece, Britain, and Armania)
  • Economic control (Bosphorus Strait made international, Allies controlled their finance so they paid reparations
26
Q

(c) ‘Clemenceau achieved what he wanted in the Treaty of Versailles.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.

A

NO, bc
- Germany kept 100,000 men as military prohibiting conscription
- Germany kept the Rhineland

YES, bc
- Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France
- Germany was made to pay harsh reparations

27
Q

(a) Describe the reaction of politicians in the United States to the peace settlement.

A
  • They decided not to join the LON
  • Wanted to avoid entanglement in European affairs
  • Some agreed with the League’s aims but with minor reforms
  • Others disagreed with involvement with the League in its entirety
28
Q

(b) Why did Clemenceau want a harsh peace?

A
  • Destroy Germany as a potential threat (Avoid a second war that would cause damage to their country, creating a buffer zone for possible attacks with the Rhineland)
  • Revenge (Avenge Geramny’s damage inflicted in WW1, regain national pride by making them pay reparations)
29
Q

‘Lloyd George gained most of what he wanted in the Treaty of Versailles.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.

A

YES, bc
- Eliminated Geramny’s navy
- Kept Germany with some military to protect them from communism
- Gained colonies such as Namibia

NO, bc
- Reparations were too harsh for his liking, he knew it would cause resentment
- Economic destruction of Germany meant that they couldn’t be considered as a trade partner in the future

30
Q

(a) What was meant by ‘self-determination’?

A
  • People should have the right to choose their own form of government
  • A nation’s population should be able to choose to which country they go to
  • People should have the right to develop their country’s economies according to their own needs
  • Preserve inhabitant’s cultural identities
31
Q

(b) Why was the Treaty of Sèvres unpopular in Turkey?

A
  • Uprising of Mustafa (Led to nationalism, made resentment grow for unfair terms of Sevres)
  • Harsh terms (50,000 men limitation, reparations had to be paid and controlled finance, land lost to Britain, Greece, and Armania)
32
Q

(c) ‘German bitterness over the peace treaty was caused by reparations.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.

A

YES, bc
- Led to unemployment and hyperinflation
- General discontent due to high poverty

NO, bc
- Army limitation meant that people felt vulnerable to communism and other country’s threats
- Lost colonies and demilitarization of the Rhineland was seen as unjust

33
Q

(a) Describe the treatment of Turkey in the peace settlement.

A
  • Ottoman Empire broken up
  • Bosphorus strait (trade route) made international
  • Land given to Greece, Britain, and Armania
  • Allies controlled finance of Turkey and they were forced to pay reparations
  • Army reduced to 50,000 men
34
Q

(b) Why did Wilson and Clemenceau want different things from the peace settlement?

A
  • Difference in cost of war (France faced lots of destruction on their country and deaths, leading to resentment, while US didn’t)
  • Wilson aimed more for international cooperation to improve their economy, while Clemenceau just focused on destroying German economy to avoid a possible uprising
35
Q

(c) ‘Lloyd George wanted Germany to be treated harshly in the peace settlement.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.

A

YES, bc
- Wanted Germany to have no navy
- Wanted colonies to be given to Britain

NO, bc
- Didn’t want to destroy German economy
- Wanted Germany to keep some military to protect them from communism

36
Q

(b) Why did many Germans think the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh?

A
  • Excessive military restrictions (no navy, 100,000, lack of protection from communism)
  • Reparations lead to economic hardship (like unemployment, hyperinflation, colonies lost meant less income from industrial regions)
37
Q

(c) Which was punished more harshly in the peace settlement of 1919-20: Austria or Turkey?
Explain your answer.

A

AUSTRIA, bc
- Breaks up Austria-Hungary into two separate nations
- All sea ports were taken, neutralizing Austrian navy
- Population fell from 22 to 6 million

TURKEY, bc
- Ottoman Empire was broken up
- Forced to pay reparations with finance observed by Allies
- Land lost to Britain, Greece, Armenia

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