Peace Treaties Flashcards
Paris Peace Conference
- Britain, France, Italy, Japan, US attended
- (Georges Clemenceau) France was extremely harsh towards Germany to ensure the safety of their country
- (Lloyd George) Britain was the mid ground, wanted to punish Germany but not too harshly to avoid resentment and the destruction of Germany
- US wanted 14 points (WW) and not punish Germany so harshly
Treaty of Versailles
GENERAL
- War guilt clause (Germany had to assume all blame for the war
- Germany had to pay harsh reparations
LAND ARMY
- Limits German army to 100,000 men with no navy
- Conscription forbidden
- No tanks or heavy artillery
- Rhineland demilitarized
- No reserve force allowed
TERRITORY
- Loss of German colonies (Alsace-Lorraine to France, Denmark Lithuania Czechoslovakia Belgium returned)
- Placed the Saarland, formerly german, under the LON control for 15 years (then plebiscite)
- Rhineland demilitarized
- Danzig established as a Free City, separated from Germany
- Danzig economically integrated with Poland
- Allied military forces occupy Rhineland for 15 years
Big 3 Aims: USA (Woodrow Wilson)
- 14 points
- LON to be included in every peace treaty YES
- Disarmament of all nations (main) NO (only losing nations)
- Able to do business with Rhineland YES
- Independent Poland state YES
- Free nation of the seas NO
- Britain France and Japan received colonies instead of the league (BAD)
Big 3 Aims: France (Georges Clemenceau
- Alsace-Lorraine YES
- Money from Germany YES
- Disarmament of Germany YES
- Aid from Britain and US financially in case of future war NO
Big 3 Aims: Britain (Lloyd George)
- Dissuade France from being so harsh NO
- Gain land from German colonies YES (Togoland and Cameroon)
- German-speaking people under French or Polish rule
Impact of TOV on Germany
- Too harsh, therefore vengeful
- German officials were not given the choice to negotiate
- Germany was not in agreement that they were 100% to blame for the war
- (Disarmament) 100,000 men were not enough to protect against communism in the east
Saint Germain
1919
- Austria
- Accept Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia as independent
- Breaks up Austria-Hungary into two separate nations
- All sea ports were taken, neutralizing Austrian navy
- Tryol lost to Italy
- Poland, Romania, and Hungary all gained land
- Population fell from 22 million to 6 million
- Army limitation to 30,000 men
Trianon
1920
- Hungary
- Break up of Austria-Hungary
- Accept Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia as independent
- Land given to Romania
- Limits army to 35,000 men
- Seaports were taken
Neuilly-Sur-Seine
1919
- Bulgaria
- Land given to Greece, Romania, and Yugoslavia
- Lost access to sea
- Limits army to 20,000 men
- Paid 100 million dollars in reparations
Sevres
1920
- Turkey
- Ottoman Empire broken up
- Bosphorus strait (trade route) made international
- Land given to Greece, Britain, and Armania
- Italy and France gained control over Anatolia
- Allies controlled finance of Turkey and they were forced to pay reparations
- Army reduced to 50,000 men
WHY IT WAS REJECTED
- Nationalist movement led by Mustafa Kemal
- Recapture of Smyrna in 1922 showed how successful nationalist forces can be
- Mustafa established a new government in Ankara and launched a resistance against the Ottoman government in Istanbul
Lausanne
1923
- Turkey pt. 2
- Land taken from them previously including Anatolia returned
- Armenia and Kurdistan were no longer independent
- No more reparations had to be paid
- Influence zones no longer controlled by European powers
Locarno
1925
- Confirmed the demilitarized state of Rhineland
- Rhineland was to stay under the control of Germany but Allied military personnel enforced the demilitarisation for 15 years
WW 14 points
- End secret treaties
- Freedom of the seas
- Free trade internationally
- LON created
- Polish independence
Danzig
- Free City of Danzig
- Separated from Germany
- Under the protection of the LON
- Economically integrated with Poland
- Majority German speakers but also had Polish speakers
- Created german resentment
- Very economically significant to Poland since it had a port with access to the Baltic sea
(a) What happened to the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the Treaty of Saint Germain?
- Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia indepentent
- Breaks up Austria-Hungary into two separate nations
- All sea ports were taken, neutralizing Austrian navy
-Army limits to 30,000 men - Population fell from 22 to 6 million
(b) Why was President Wilson an important figure in the peace negotiations?
- Represented US (Major world power, strong military, strong trade partner)
- Made 14 points (Served as a major point of discussion, lead to the creation of the LON)
(c) Are you surprised that Germany was so upset by the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? Explain your answer.
YES, bc
- They knew that France wanted to be as harsh as possible, so they could expect what was to come
- Were still allowed to keep a small army along with the Rhineland (even though demilitarised)
NO, bc
- Harsh territorial losses (Alsace-Loraine to France and lost African colonies)
- Harsh reparations paid
- 100,000 men military restriction
(a) What were the main aims of Wilson’s Fourteen Points?
- End secret treaties
- Freedom of the seas
- Free trade internationally
- LON created
- Polish independence
(b) Why did the Treaty of Versailles have important economic consequences for Germany in the years 1919-23?
- Reparations (lead to economic hardship, hyperinflation, and no money to recover losses from the war, army reduced from 350,000 to 100,000, leading to 250,000 being unemployed)
- Loss of Territories (Loss of industrial nations like Saar Basin with coal mines, harming production)
(c) ‘The issue of land was the most difficult for the Allies to deal with in deciding the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
YES, bc
- Ethnic complications (Upper Silesia, plebiscite had to be organized and an agreement had to be reached, differing ethnicities meant that public usually didn’t agree on who to go to)
NO, bc
- Deciding how many reparations Germany would have to pay was a challenge due to GC and Lloyd George disagreeing
- Military restrictions that don’t pose Germany as a threat but allow them to protect themselves against communism
(a) What were Clemenceau’s demands at the beginning of the peace negotiations?
- Destroy Germany economically
- Gain African and other German colonies
- Completely demilitarise Germany
- Return of Alsace-Loraine
(b) Why was the Treaty of Saint Germain important?
- Broke up Austria-Hungary (broke up the empire into two separate countries, meaning Austria’s population fell from 22 to 6 million)
- Army limitations (Limited Ausria’s army to 30,000 men and took all sea ports from them, neutralizing their navy
(c) ‘Wilson gained what he wanted in the peace negotiations.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
YES, bc
- LON was created as a mean of international cooperation
- Poland was recognised as independent in the TOV
NO, bc
- No freedom of the seas for trade
- Only losing countries disarmed, and no Allies
(a) What were Wilson’s hopes as he arrived in France for the peace negotiations?
- End secret treaties
- Freedom of the seas
- Free trade internationally
- LON created
- Polish independence
