Peace Treaties Flashcards
What was the Kapp putsch
1920 Germany
Revolution / attempt ‘coup’ to overthrow the SDP Government
Army did nothing
Defeated by general strike
What was the Munich putsch
1923 Germany
Revolution / Failed ‘coup’ by Nazi leader Adolf Hitler
Failure
Hitler let of lightly
Describe the Treaty of Sèvres
1920 (in France)
Treaty signed by the Allied of WWI and the Ottoman Empire (nowadays Turkey)
Loss of much territory to France, Britain and Italy (who formed the Tripartite Agreement)
Armenia and Kurdistan become independent
50,000 troops max ; no air force
Turks were angered and humiliated
Mustafa Kemal recruited nationalists and set up a new grand assembly by force
Treaty was dismantled after fighting and many atrocities
=> 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, giving back Turkish lands.
Summarize the Treaty of Saint Germain
1919 (signed in France)
Treaty concluding WWI, signed between ALLIES and AUSTRIA
Dismembering of Habsburg Empire / Sorting out jumbled territory/ Independence of Poland, Hungary and Czechosolvakia
Lost access to sea
Italy unhappy, did not receive a lot of land
Separation of Austria and Hungary
Bohemia-Moravia —> Czechoslovakia
Bosnia-Herzegovinia, Croatia and Serbia —> Yugoslavia
Sanctions on Austria :
- armed forces limited to 30,000
- forbidden to reunite with Germany.
The old Austrian-Hungarian empire had already collapsed in 1918
Self determination to many states
Severe economic problems, industry wars in Czechoslovakia
When and What was the occupation of the Ruhr
1922
Germany refused to pay reparation, arguing that they are too poor
France and Belgium entered the Ruhr and took what Germany owned them
Strikes from German workers, passive resistance : stopped producing goods
Summarise the Treaty of Trianon
1920 (signed in France)
Treaty concluding WWI, signed between ALLIES and HUNGARY
Huge territory transfers all around
Lost access to sea
3 million Hungarians ended up in other states
Industries suffered from loss of people and raw material
Supposed to pay reparations, but never paid, due to weak economy
Summarise the Treaty of Neuilly
1919 (signed in France)
Treaty concluding WWI, signed between ALLIES and BULGARIA
army reduced to max 20,000
100 million £ reparation
Least harsh treaty , because participated less in war
West territories lost ot Yugoslavia
South lost to Greece + sea port
South-east gained from Turkey
Name four things that impact Germany after Versailles
Ranked (by me)
- Germany poor — because reparation and lost territory
- Germany gets aggressive — because lost land to neighbours
- Humiliated — because loss of armed forces
- Angry — because takes entire blame for war
What were the outcome of the Treaty of Versailles
B.R.A.T.
BLAME on Germany, even though WW1 was not entirely their fault
REPARATION (6600 millions, leading to extreme poverty)
ARMS confiscated
- Army limit 100,000 people
- 6 battleships, no planes, submarines or armoured vehicles
- Conscription banned
- Rhineland becomes demilitarised
TERRITORY LOST
+ Demilitarisation of Rhineland
+ Separation Germany / Austria aka Anchluss forbidden
=> Profound bitterness of Germany
Where were the first seeds of WWII planted?
Treaty of Versailles => Germany nursing a need for revenge
How did the Weimar Republic deal with poverty after Ruhr strikes?
- Printed money => hyper inflation
- Currency had to be replaced
Explain the hyper inflation in Germany
German Marks made worthless due to Reparations
After the Ruhr Strikes, everyone was so poor, the Government (Weimar) printed money, leading to hyper inflation
Was the Treaty of Versailles positive or negative? Explain.
Both
Seriously? explain :-)
What happens in 1919, 1923, 1926
1919 Versailles
1923 France and Belgium enter Germany and demand reparations
1926 Germany joins League of Nations
Who were the big 3 in 1919? Describe.
USA - Woodrow Wilson - pacifist idealist
UK - Lloyd George - in between + seeks preservation of Empire
FRANCE - Georges Clemenceau - agressive vs Germany and more extreme
Were other countries than Germany satisfied with Versailles?
FRANCE is happy
BRITAIN is afraid it might induce revenge
What are reparations?
Money (aka tribute) paid to rebuild after war
How much land did Germany lose to the Treaty of Versailles?
10% of its land
Which places did Germany lose to the Treaty of Versailles?
- West prussia to Poland
- Alsace-Lorraine to France
- All overseas colonies to Britain and France
- Saar
Why did Clemenceau and Lloyd George disagree at the Paris Peace Conference (about how to treat Germany)?
France had been invaded by Germany, and was right next to it, so it was more vulnerable so wanted harsher terms, while Lloyd wanted to keep the German economy stable so he could trade with them, as they were less at risk from Germany.
Clemeceau and George wanted to use different methods. Clemenceau wanted to completelyy cripple Germany while George was afraid Germany would then want revenge.
Was the Treaty of Versailles fair?
Fair
- Germany invaded neutral Belgium in 1914, breaking international treaties and starting a war
- The Treaty was less harsh than Brest-Litovsk in 1918 with Russia
- All the fighting occured on French and Belgian soil, ruining ther farmland and killing their civilians, while no fighting happened on Germany, so Germany must compensate
- Germany’s problems were self-inflicted as the Kaiser’s government dd not raise taxes to pay for the war, an became in debt, because they thought if/when they won, they could get the money back in the form of reparations
Unfair
- The Germans had no choice but to accept the treaty - they were not asked their opinion
- The Germans were entirely blamed for the war, when the war actually broke out due to multiple factors
- Many Germans were left outside of Germany
- The treaty actually decreased the popularity of the Weimar Republic (New appointed German government at the time), instead of punishing the government that started the war. (This leads to Germany not being able to rebuild itself and become bitter - evidence - Muncih and beer Hall Pustch)
Use statistics to describe the impact of territory loss due to the Treaty of Versailles on Germany
- 10% of land in europe was lost
- 12.5% of its population was lost
- 16% of its coalfields were lost
- Almost half of its Iron and Steel industry was lost
Who was murdered in Weimar Germany demonstrating political instability
Walther Rathenau, Foreign Minister, was murdered in 1922 by extremists
