Peace Support Operations Flashcards
How has EU approach to acting outside its borders changed over time?
Initial basis of out of area engagement can be traced back to the Treaty of Rome- doesn’t create substantial security structures but did create basis for EU instiutions to act outside of its own borders (saw the 6 signatories tying themselves to ex-colonies futures).
Maastrcith created new possibilities with the creation of the CFSP
Instrument for the contribution to stability and peace (2014)- focuses on such things as peacebuilding and conflict development- shows under some programs the development of comprehensive approach and development of security/development nexus. Some have argued that this means the securitisation of development rather than a security and development issue.
Does the EU go into missions without UN commitment? If not why?
No, does not go in without a UN commitment.
Creates an image of a more effective and capable Europe willing to work multilaterally
Engenders greater engagement with institutions and who those institutions are controlling.
Where do Whitman and Hastrup argue to see the beginning of EU strategic behaviour?
Africa
Reason comes from the actions themselves but also through the declaratory statement towards such issues which are used as guiding markers.
What are the 3 frames of strategic behaviour and which is the most important?
1) Idea of security-development nexus
2) An emphasis on human security
3) preference for local enforcement
We consider last to be most fundamentally important (see it playing it out in Joint EU-Africa Strategy where places emphasis on ownership)
EU in Democratic Republic of Congo (Lecture Info rather than Davis) Why is it special?
Have been lot of conflict in DRC- conflict at this time had to do with Second Congo War in 2003.
Was determined that the EU would deploy first autonomous mission outside of Europe.
At EU level it involved many but not all MS.
In terms of personell the majority came from the framework nation. This is something unique to EU, countries are assigned as framework nation due to such issues as past history or willing to commit resources. Framework nation in this case was France which was chosen due to willingness to commit and also due to language issues meaning it needed to be France.
IN the decelatory statmeents thad led to this mission there was a lot of building on the St Malo decleration and the ideas of bi-lateral cooperation. Also commitment to external actor cooperation with UN and other states such as Canda and South Africa.
The mission in Bunia (operation artemis) was mostly to ensure the safety at the airport and to ensure the reduction of conflict and the hand over of this area to the UN- seen as success as achieved this goal.
What types of missions/ mechanisms does the EU take outside of its borders
Conflict prevention and mediation- embedded in treaty obligations to promote peace across the global and conflict early warning systems (CEWS) are mechanisms most states have and hinge on idea that if see early warning of conflict can act to prevent them.
Second mechanism consists of PRISM (prevention of conflict, rule of law/security sector reform, integrate approach, stabilisation and mediation)- EU hardely ever does direct mediation but supports through such elements as financially other actors wishin to undertake mediation.
EU also emphaises capacity building and training which it conducts both through its civ and mil missions:
For example with regards to civ missions can see this in EUCAP Sahel Mali which is supposed to help the internal Malian security forces. Is situated as an EU/Mali bilateral mission but also seen as part of what the EU mission is with regards to its mission to develop African regional capabilities. In the context of this mission you have police representatives from across EU states willing to train police.
This is different from the military mission in Mali which is the EU training mission (EUTM). Its job is to train mali at ed forces in combating security challenges such as asymmetrical warfare and violent extremism.
What do we mean when we have to talk about co-constitutive nature of EU as a global security actor?
Means we cannot determine what kinda Securtiy actor simply through looking through what the EU sayas we also have to look at what it does and if we look at what it does we see it does things with other actors.
Davis- Make do or Mend: What is the core reasoning behind this paper?
To assess whether the EU contributes to long-term positive change in societies emerging from violent conflict, helping them mend, or whether it encourages socieities to ‘make do’ with status quo.
Uses case study of DRC to look at this.
Focuses on two principles enshrined within the Treaty on the EU; oeace and justice.
Davis: Peace and Justice in Policy and Practice: how do the principles of peace and justice translate into EU policy and practice in general terms?
Policy:
- EU does not have a policy on either transnational justice or peace mediation.
- However, different policy documents do reference different transnational justice mechanisms e.g. in the ESS there is expressed support of the International Criminal Court
- Davis goes on to argue that EU has even less policy for peace mediation and none at all for addressing justice for HR violations in peace processes. Whilst the concept on strengthening EU mediation and Dialogue capacities was adopted in 2009, the concept remains only policy document addressing EU mediation and it is largely descriptive and does not give much guidance.
Practice
- However see that practice seems to surpass policy.
- Davis shows despite the absence of a transnational justice policy, such mechanisms as the European Instrument for Democracy and HR (EIDHR) have supported numerous transitional justice initiatives (e.g. the EIDHR gave support to international criminal court of over 40 million since 1995).
- CSDP missions and EU special representatives play an important role in promoting justice in crisis management , including through security sector reform
- Key to this section on practice is the argument that despite the absence of an EU mediation policy, a range of EU instrument have been engaged by the EU in meditation e.g. Davis states that although there is no policy for transnational justice or mediation, policy provisions for different transnational justice mechanisms have developed within CFSP policy.
Davis Peace and Justice in DRC: how has EU put principles of peace and justice into practices in real time in a complex situation?
Policy:
- As Davis notes prior to the Strategic Framework for the Great Lakes Region of 2013, there was no single paper outlining EU approach to Congo. However, as Davis notes an understanding of the EU policy to Congo can be garnered by looking at Country Strategy Papers and Council COnclusions e.g. Country Strategy Paper for DRC 2008-2013 can see EU highlighting tackling insecurity in the east, reforming the defense, police and justice sectors, ending impunity and compliance with the International Criminal COurt.
- According to the Strategic Frameowrk For the Great Lakes Region in 2013 EU objectives are defined as security and development, including conflict prevention . Points out a distinction in the fact that unlike previous documents, the policy proposals are generally intended for the fovernments in the region or other international actors, rather than for the EU.
Practice
- EU has long been represented in Congos peace process, with the first representative being special Envoy Aldo Ajello.
- EU has been represented within the various talks to bring the conflict in DRC to an end as is shown in the case of the talks at Goma in 2008.
- In June 2008, the mandates of the EUSEC and EUPOL were extended to included support for implementing the Goma agreements.
- EUPOL’s mandate was also extended to provide support to implementing police reform in the context of the agreements.
- Points out that despite policies such as the guidelines on compliance with international humanitarian law it is striking that there is no reference to the ICC or impunity for international crimes in the extended CSDP mandates.
- EU has shown ability to engage in multiple tracks of mediation.
- despite policy reform being key priority, officials express frustration that very little has been done in the war of reform, rather focus on so called technical capacity building without addressing the fundamental issues of how the security instiutions should serve rhe needs of the population.
- the EU has tools with which to engage the Congolese government politically at the level on peace, justice and SSR, through Articel8 of the Contonou Agreement yet its ability to engage the government politically at the highest level has not been used.
Davis: Conclusion
As Davis notes the Congo case shows that practice cannot only be assessed through the presence or absence of policy in the fact that EU practice has often pre-date policy. Indeed, as Davis notes the EU engaged in security sector reform, but the concepts on ESDP and EC support to SSR were not developed or adopted until 2006.
Special envoy and EU special representative were deeply engaged in mediation long before the mediation support concept was adopoted in 2010 in the Concept on Strengthening EU mediation and dialogue capabilities.
There are tensions anc challenges inherent in pusuin peace and justice.
What does Howorth claim of the EU’s CSDP?
It is a “work in progress”- continues despite its problem-it is not a policy fault, because it does not aim to constitute a common European army or to undermine NATO.
What does Howorth argue are the four dynamics that led to the creation of the CSDP?
1) The end of CW mean the Washington based security logic for the EU began to lose its meaning
2) fall of the berlin wall demolished the Westephalian states system and a new debate, the so called ‘new world order’ began to be argued, In this context, EU was designed to play a role in both regional and international politics.
3) the Balkan crisis showed the threat of ethnic conflicts in the European contginent and led to the EU producing and implementing a CSDP.
4) The growing European defence industry significantly affected the CSDP.
