National Perspectives - Strategic Cultures Flashcards

1
Q

What is the binary of strategic culture?

A
  • Force?: Is a state willing to use force or not? - this question then leads on to what ‘grouping’ of states fall under in terms of its strategic culture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What kind of strategic culture does the EU possess?

A
  • Hybrid: New form of integrated governance whereby it is a hybrid of supranational and intergovernmental ideas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

EU’s strategic culture as coordinated by the ‘Big 3’ Justification?

A
  • Big Military: States role often determined by military prowess (something all of the big 3 have)
  • When to use; Normative capabilities essential to shaping effective architecture as to when to use the ‘big guns’
  • And so, importance of strategic/security culture emerges
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does Kirchner and Sperling determine strategic culture? (4 factors) (PIII)

Argument Against?

A

4 factors:
1. Perception: States’ perception of International system

  1. Identity: National identity (not just about material capabilities)
  2. Instrument: Instrumental preferences (their choice to use their abilities in certain circumstances)
  3. Interaction: Interaction preference (how they act on the global stage e.g. through nato, un, eu, or go alone)

Argument against:
- You cannot simply straight jacket states into these four factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the perspective of the UK in terms of strategic culture? (TSLW)

A
  • Traditional: Traditional (reliance on military capabilities with emphasis on its role as a leader both within the EU and globally)
  • Special: Holds the special relationship with the U.S. Close to its strategic culture
  • Lapdog?: Gap emerging as to whether UK will essentially continue to be a lapdog to that of the US
  • Westphalian?: Firmly Westphalian, national narrative focused on London (less focus on Scotland and Wales)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the perspective of France in terms of strategic culture? (EIW2013)

A
  • Exceptionalism: Post-1945 French exceptionalism - Le Granduer
  • Interventions: French strategic culture somewhat determined by interventions it has undergone in Africa post-45 (if Mali calls, France answers)
  • Westphalian?: Between Westphalian and Post-Westphalian (because of its changing of its borders post-45 and its interactions with post-colonial countries)
  • Beyond: Security beyond the military in 2008-13
  • 2013 onwards: Changes in 2013 led to new thinking for France security
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the perspective of Germany in terms of strategic culture? (HPCN)

A
  • History: Security tempered by history (Germany uses force as little as possible)
  • Parliament: Influence of parliamentary democracy (parliament must sign off on ALL military use that Germany wishes to undertake)
  • Civilian: Strong emphasis on the civilian (security as to better the civilians affected)
  • NATO: Strong inclination towards integration/cooperation (e.g. work under NATO)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What countries are to be considered ‘tier 2’ states?

Category 1?

Category 2?

What are the ‘other’ states?

A

Tier 2 states:
Cat 1: Italy, Spain, Portugal (limited military and colonial influence)

Cat 2: Central Eastern European States (driven by need of relevance and new security realities (Russia)

‘Other’ states:
- Nordic Exceptionalism? (peaceful societies and bridge builders, international solidarity)

  • A method of evolution in strategic culture? (no use of military force, yet still security)
  • How do we explain increase in militarisation of these states then? (Sweden one of the largest producers of guns in Europe)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the overarching argument of Kirchner’s ‘Civil security in the EU: national persistence vs. EU ambitions?’ piece?

How does Kirchner define eu Civil Security?

A
  • Civl protection: that the EU is increasingly engaged in the civil protection of the MS and that a state-centric approach is no longer adequate to understand the provision of civil security across Europe

Definition:
- Authority providing protection to the state, its people and its environment against natural disasters, industrial accidents, terror attacks or any other large scale crisis situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What 4 roles doe Kirchner outline the EU as having? (FRMC)

A
  • Facilitator
  • Regulator
  • Manager
  • Coordinator
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are Kirchner’s concluding remarks as to how the EU interacts with its MS and their citizens?

A
  • Conclusions drawn show the interactions to be less intergovernmental than expected:

Pre: Regulator and intergovernmental/supranational (to prevent crisis)

During: Facilitator and intergovernmental

Post: Manager and supranational/intergovernmental (to help rehabilitation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who first coined the term strategic culture and what does it mean?

A

Jack Snyder (1977)

The view, norms and attitudes that strategic actors have with regards to the political objectives of war, and how best to achieve them.

(in simple terms when and why do states choose to use force).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why do Bavia, Herd and Drent argue that this Snyder definition is problematic and what is there alternative defintion?

A

Is based on a Cold War Context.

The focus on state in traditional definition is problematic. Whilst the EU is not a state it is seeing an increasing role in international affairs (Link to Bretherton and Volger).

Simply focusing on use of force is problematic as in 21st century we have seen new challenges emerge e.g. non-conventional military threats such as terrorism and climate change.

Argues that to understand the nature of EU strategic culture and its drivers we should ask when how and why the EU uses a range of appropriate instruments to achieve strategic, political objectives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Examples of When European States have hindered Security Cooperation

A

As of 2017 only 4 of the European members of NATO had committed the 2% of GDP member states were meant to commit to defence spending.

As Dover highlights the Helsinki Healine Goals was hindered due to the fact that internal pressures at time meant MS were more attuned to spending money on other policy areas such as health care than defence spending.

UK- has always been skeptic about idea of a security and defence dimension within Europe. shown itself willing to work outside CFSP to pursure its own interests as shown in bombing of Iraq in 1999 where worked alongside US rather than EU partners.

France- Has a Euro-Galluist approach- tries to promote Europe as its own security actor- e.g. St Malo Decleration. Means that it can be seen to hinder cooperation with US

Andrew Cottey- many saw the neutral states during the CW as free-riders on NATO.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Examples where MS have promoted Security Cooperation

A

Andrew Cottey- Neutral members have participated in partnership for peace programs.

UK- has served to promote NATO operations, ST MAlo Decleration

Ireland/Austria- have been commended for their adpations of CFSP requirements. Have made strides to promoting CFSP within their governments to the extent that Irish Foreign ministers usually spend about 3/4 of their time on CFSP issues- highlights that European politics is not a “zero-sum game between national and collective interests”.

Poland- helped to promote EAP, active in EU missions on CHad and Congo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly