Peace and War Flashcards
What is the Theory of Anarchy (Waltz 1979)?
The absence of power is associated with the increased threat of violence - anarchy associated with chaos, destruction and power
What is Resource mobilisation theory (Tilly 1978)?
Getting resource to resource provider - in the quickest and most cost-effective manner = causes conflict as often as the resource provider is cut short
Lack of non-violent options causes protest and change why (Rummel 1995)?
Democracies are the most effective method by which societies can reduce their violence - democracy is comprised of social fields which normalise the bounds of civilised behaviour … no means by this in Authoritarian states
Civilian death higher in Auth. states by…?
0.56%
Theory of relative deprivation (Gurr 2010)?
Social action wanting to acquire something which others possess and which they believe they should have - why we see conflict in poor states - levels of GNP and violence = why deprivation in Spain caused action but not violence
Threshold of violence (Collier 2003)
Social processes are driven by our thresholds—which he defined as the number of people who need to be doing some activity before we agree to join them.
Theory of gainful violence (Collier 2004)
Gains over grievance - discovery of natural resources in countries where political competition is not institutionally regulated often sparks conflict
Resource Curse (De Sousa 2000)
Failure of resource rich countries to benefit fully from natural resource - lack of economic variation due to resource = hence increased depirvation - Also called the Paradox of Plenty
Structural violence (Galtung 1971)
Violence is built into the state structure and shows up as unequal power distribution and constant inequality = if starvation is objectively avoidable then violence is committed for example
Positive Peace (Galtung 1969)
Structural integration, optimistic, preventative peace by peaceful means
Sovereignty as responsibility (Thakur)
Sovereignty is earned by the states responsibility of its people
4 factors explaining why weak states collapse in conflict
1) Lack capacity for the production of desired policies (security and welfare)
2) Leader do not have recognised legitimacy (tribal)
3) Kaldor - weak states are built on structures of humanitarianism = vulnerable
4) Ayoob - took the west hundreds of years to mature = third world has been delayed by colonialism and is disrupted by interference
3 factors of New Wars
Actors - non-state actors and networks of the state
Goals - identity politics associated with new communication tech = caused by erosion of state-based political ideologies like socialism and post-colonial nationalism
Methods - territory is captured through political means with coercion of the population
2 key factors of Tilly - War made state and state made war
(War drives state formation by…)
Coercion - compliance draws advantages of money, goods, deference and access to pleasures denied by less powerful people
War provoking logic - so long as adjacent power were pursuing same logic then war occurs = out of war comes negotiation, treaties and inheritance
Key idea of Pinker and ERID?
(World rate of death dropped from 300/100,000 during WWII - 30/100,000) - War is on decline
Human violence springs from 4 facts:
1) Exploitation - damage to a human who is an obstacle of a greater cause
2) Dominance - ascend the pecking order
3) Revenge - someone who has committed deserves punishment
4) Ideology - shared belief system - Fascism, Communism and militant religions
