Peace And Conflict Flashcards
Why can wars occur 4 points and examples
Religious- the troubles
Economic- Israel
Social- Rwandan genocide
Moral- Iraq (dictatorship)
5 reasons for war with examples
Border disputes (Israel/Palestine) Resources (Iraq 2003) Race (Hitler/Bovaria, Rowanda) Dictatorship (North Korea) Religion (the crusades)
Aims of UN
Develop friendly relations between nations
Work together to improve living standards
Centre for helping achieve these aims
Example of UN work
El Salvador to stop violation of human rights in 1990s
Just war theory
‘Jus as bellum’- Thomas Aquinas
When it’s right to go eat and necessary, measures taken to minimise suffering
How does UN work for peace
Employ’s celebrity ambassadors (Beckham)
Own means of justice- prosecute against war crimes (Yugoslavia)
Promote peace negotiations (Ukraine)
Address problems before escalation
7 just theory criteria
Just and competent authority Right intention Reasonable chance of success Proportionality Last Reston Legitimate targets attacked only Just cause
Just and competent authority
Can only be declared by a ruler of the UN of the government
Right intention
Fought to bring about good- restore peace, prevent suffering and stopped when aim is reached
Reasonable chance of success
Stops lives being lost unnecessarily
Proportionality
Only necessary to achieve an aim- nuclear weapons shouldn’t be used on a tiny country over a border dispute
Last resort
Must be a last resort after all peaceful means are attempted
Legitimate targets attacked only
Innocent civilians shouldn’t be attacked (schools, hospitals)
Sudan war 98% of casualties were civilians
Just cause
Fought for just cause eg resisting aggression of self defence
Was the Second World War a just war
Was started/controlled by lawful authorities (elected British government)
Serious reason- preventing oppression
Last resort- four years of negotiation attempts
Hope of success- preventing Hitler invading other areas
RCC attitude on war
- war/conflict has direct impact on development
- people flee from areas of destruction
- land is unusable
- dislike war as effects civilians
People benedict on war
- threatens to harm image of humanity
- destroys value of people
- defending yourself is a duty and this extents to violence
- violence must be proportional
Jesus on war and evidence
- never condemned soldiers
- preached love and peace
- Jesus praised Roman soldier for his faith (Luke 7:10-10)
- ‘everyone must obey the authorities… existing authorities have been put there by God’
Christian pacifists on war
- Jesus was a pacifists
- war is never justified
- conflict resolution should be sought out
- Quakers are only full pacifists
- violence is destructive
Matthew quote on war
- ‘do not take revenge on someone who wrongs you’- Matthew 5:39
Christian pacifists to promote peace
Year long blockade of nuclear weapons
Promotes peace actively not just avoids being involved
Christians against war
- Jesus was a pacifist (WWJD)
- agape love
- sanctity of life
- conscientious objectors, pacifism
Christians for war (4)
- ‘everyone should obey state authorities they have been put here by God’- Romans 13:1
- you should defend yourself and your family (extends to violence)- Pope Benedict, just war theory
- liberation theology
- stand up for beliefs
Quakers
- pacifists
- promote peace
- ‘all disputes should be settled by peaceful means’
- world shouldn’t have nuclear weapons
- trusted to sort out conflicts
- Christian group
- work with UN to reconciliation
- organise public campaigns
Ecumenical accompaniment programme in Palestine and Israel
- peace workers
- different denominations come together to promote peace
- formed in 2002
- supplied accompanies to live and work in disputed territories
- prevents violation of human rights
- supports peace activists
Islam
Means peace
Jihadists
Protect people with violence
Jihad meaning
A struggle or strive
Lesser- Struggle with an enemy
Greater- Struggle within yourself
When is lesser jihad permitted
Fighting in defence of freedom of religion, community or county
Must comply with conditions of Islamic law
War isn’t a jihad if the intention is to
Force people to convert Conquer other nations to colonise them Take territory for economic game Settle disputes Demonstrate a leaders power
Reasons for Muslims going to war
Must have a just cause Must be a last resort Must minimise suffering Must be led my Muslim authority Innocent civilians can't be attacked Must be ended when enemy lays down his arms
Teachings of the Qur’an about war
Muslims must fight if they are attacked
Anyone who does fight will go to heaven
Muhammad on war
Good example of how to live and fight
Said Muslims must only fight in just wars
Muslims against war
Peace is heart of Islam and Qur’an
Modern weapons can’t be compatible with Muslims rules
Non violent methods should be used
Violence leads of mistrust
Muslim peace fellowship quote
‘Whatever act of violence has just taken place, we deplore it’
Muslims against terrorism
- can’t force people to convert but Isis threats to kill those who don’t
- peace is at heart of Islam but terrorism defeats this (salaam aleikum)
- mohammad said innocent civilians can’t be harmed (just war) 9/11
- non violent ways can only bring peace but Isis is killing people and leads to hostility and violence
Quakers quote on war
- ‘we work to build the conditions of peace that take away the occasion of all wars’- Quakers
Conflict quote
- ‘conflict can be a positive force for change but may only create temporary good and may increase the chance of violence becoming a permanent way of resolving conflict’
Quote against war bible
- ‘God did not put me on this earth to go destroying his children’
Quote against war Decalogue
Thou shalt not kill
Obey authorities quote
- ‘everyone should obey state authorities as they have been put here by God’- Romans 13:1
Stand up for your belief example
- jesus, cleansing of the temples
EAPPI quote
‘Showing soldiers that the international community is there to monitor them and report their actions and behaviour’
Liberation theology example
Bietrich bonhoffom- plotted to kill hitler
Religious organisations should get involved in politics
- Have strict moral codes so situations may be dealt with in more fairness and with more more morality e.g. Christians follow the teachings of Jesus and so act with love and compassion
- More attention toward environmental problems and this has to be done, Christians believe God created the world and appointed us his stewards so we must look after it
- In Christianity for example, there are many teachings of equality e.g. ‘Love they neighbour’ and the Golden Rule so people may be treated with more respect
Religious organisations should not get involved in politics
- May be biased towards different minorities e.g. RCC think homosexuality is a sin so there could be a lot of discrimination
- Some religious views are very outdated and fail to adapt to modern day society
- There could be a lot of conflict in politics as some religious groups have very extreme views and probably wouldn’t accept opposers points of views
Statistics for bullying
- 12 year olds mentioning self harm increased by 50%
- 41 % increase in self harm counselling sessions
- 750, 000 young people say they have nothing to live for
- child line has counselled 3.2 million children since 1986
- 2012-2013 brought 4507 cyber bullying cases
Christian against bullying
- Jesus interacted with those cast out from society
‘Jesus went through all the towns and villages… when he saw the crowds he had compassion for them because they were helpless’ - Everybody is made in the image of God and so should be respected
‘In the image of God he created them; male and female’ - After death they will be judged by God
The Parable of the Sheep and the Goat - Everyone should be treated equally
Golden Rule, ‘Love your enemy’
How do Christians bully
- Homophobic
Condemn homosexual acts and say they are a sin - Sexist
Still no ordination of women in RCC
Muslims against bullying
- Allah created humans and they are equal in his eyes so Muslims should respect each other are creatures of Allah
- It is a Muslim’s duty to fight injustice and bullying is a form of injustice
- Islam teaches Muslims they are all brothers and sisters in the Ummah so should show compassion
- Allah judged everyone after death and those who have wronged will be punished
The Children’s Society
- Helps children face danger, discrimination or disadvantage in their daily lives
- Anti-bullying is key
- Work in schools to prevent bullying
- Founded in 1881 by Edward Rudolf
The Samaritans
- ‘Every six seconds, somebody contacts us. Ten times a minute, we can help someone turn their life around’
- 201 branches across the UK and Ireland
- Received 68 millions contacts since 1984
Kidscape
- Works with under 16 year olds
- Bullying makes children 6 times more likely to commit suicide
- 1 in 12 children are severely bullied
- No religious connection but supported by Christians and Muslims
Beatbullying
- Have ‘cybementors’ run by young people
- These are fully trained people
- Works with schools to prevent bullying
Religious conflict reasons
- Honour
- Traditional roles
- Diet
- Inappropriate actions
- Same-sex relationships
- Divorce
- Multi-faith marriages
Importance of forgiveness in Islam
- Taught to follow the life of Muhammad and he showed forgiveness e.g. after capturing the city of Mecca, he freed the leaders rather than executing them
- Qur’an teaches Muslims that Allah will forgive them their sins so they should do the same
‘Show forgiveness, speak for justice and avoid the ignorant’ - Allah will judge them after they die and punish them for their wrongdoings
- Muslims are also taught to recognise and admit the mistakes they have made an then ask for forgiveness and repent you’re sins in life
Hajj is prayer service where they do this - Forgiveness isn’t always given, so this helps to withhold its importance and significance
‘Don’t forget the wilfully unjust.’
What does the parable of the lost son teach about forgivenss
The son squandered all the family’s money but he came back and showed remorse and his father forgave him with no doubts. The other son objects to this forgiveness but the father does not change his view. This teaches Christians to show agape love and forgive those who have sinned.
What did Jesus teach about forgiveness
- Taught that forgiveness is vital
- Told Peter in a biblical passage that you should forgive someone an unlimited amount of times
What did Jesus teach about forgiveness quotes
‘Do not take revenge on someone who wrongs you… love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you’ (Matthew 5:39-44)
‘Forgive us the wrong things that we have done, as we forgive the wrongs that others have done to us’ (Matthew 6:12)
‘No not seven times… but seventy seven times’ (Jesus to Peter)
