Peace and Conflict

Question 1

Realism on Negative Peace

Answer 1

The more natural state in an anarchical world order. States exist to protect and advance their own national interests. Their priority is national security over peace for its own sake.

Question 2

Realism on Positive Peace

Answer 2

An unrealistic aim. It is natural for states to compete with each other. Equal status among nation states is both impossible and undesirable.

Question 3

Unipolarity, bipolarity and multipolarity

Answer 3

A single dominant power

Two dominant powers

Many powers compete with each other, with non-state groups challenging nation states. Realists see this as more unstable, while liberals believe it can lead to cooperation.

Question 4

Democratic Peace Theory

Answer 4

Democracy promotes peace through fair power balance and dispute resolution through nonviolent means.

Question 5

Positive Peace

Answer 5

The absence of both direct and structural violence, and the presence of social justice in society. Positive peace addresses the deeper social causes of conflict. It emphasizes the need for development and the removal of any form of inequality as necessary conditions for sustainable peace.

Question 6

Conflict

Answer 6

The clash or disagreement between parties over ideas, resources, or territory, which may be violent or non-violent.

Question 7

Non-Violent Conflict

Answer 7

A conflict where groups disagree with each other in a peaceful way, without resorting to violence. This includes peaceful demonstrations, strikes, civil disobedience, campaigns, and diplomacy.

Question 8

Reasons for Non-Violent Conflict

Answer 8

A legitimate structure or process for dialogue is in place, democratic structures allow the population to be consulted, and violent solutions are against the core interests of all parties.

Question 9

Violent Conflict

Answer 9

A conflict where violence is used to achieve goals, such as terrorist attacks, civil war, interstate war, guerrilla war, or genocide.

Question 10

Reasons for Violent Conflict

Answer 10

There is a lack of trust between both sides of the conflict, no structure exists for the dispute to be resolved peacefully, grievance and trauma are sustaining and deepening the conflict, and violent approaches are seen as the only way to secure core interests.

Question 11

Direct violence

Answer 11

When an individual or group is physically or mentally harmed, through direct action. Refers to physical violence.

Question 12

Structural violence

Answer 12

When a government/other forms of power functions in a way that results in direct violence to groups. Discrimination and unequal global distribution of power, resources, and food should be considered structural violence.

Question 13

Cultural violence

Answer 13

The way in which society legitimizes direct or structural violence is called cultural violence. Refers to the values embedded in society which perpetuate violence.

Question 14

Types of Conflicts

Answer 14

armed conflict, inter-state conflict, extra-state conflict, internationalised and internal conflict, non-state conflict

Question 15

Relationship conflicts

Answer 15

arise due to upset parties, negative stereotypes, and poor communication, and can be found in certain marriage conflicts or ethnic violence.

Question 16

Interest conflicts

Answer 16

occur when there are perceived or actual competitive interests, often seen in conflicts such as the Arab-Israeli conflict.

Question 17

Structure and value conflicts

Answer 17

caused by destructive patterns of behavior, unequal control, ownership or distribution of resources, unequal power/authority, and different criteria for evaluating ideas, behavior, and ways of life.

Question 18

Data Conflicts

Answer 18

Data conflicts arise from incomplete or untrustworthy information, leading to disagreements. Parties may distort information due to emotions/interests, and it’s hard to get the complete picture after violence/discrimination.

Question 19

Just War Theory

Answer 19

A set of principles that largely legalizes through the UN concerning the conduct of war, covering the reasons to go to war, and the conduct during war.

Question 20

Jus ad bellum

Answer 20

Basic criteria for a war to be fought for the right reasons, including right authority, just cause, right intention, probability of success, proportionality, and last resort.

Iraq is questioned, but Libya can be seen as authorized

Question 21

Jus in bello

Answer 21

Principles of just conduct during a war, including the principle of proportion, discrimination, and necessity or minimal force.

Question 22

Factors to conflict

Answer 22

structural, political, social/economic, perceptual/cultural

Question 23

Galtung’s Conflict Triangle

Answer 23

Conflict is composed of three interrelated parts: attitude, behavior, and contradiction.

Attitude refers to the beliefs and feelings of the conflicting parties towards each other.

Behavior refers to the actions taken by the conflicting parties that affect each other.

Contradiction refers to the incompatibility of goals or interests that lead to the conflict.

The three parts of the conflict triangle reinforce each other and contribute to the persistence of the conflict.

Question 24

Positions-Interests-Needs Model

Answer 24

Model used in conflict resolution consisting of three levels: positions (what each party demands), interests (what motivates each party’s positions), and needs (what each party requires to satisfy their interests). The model emphasizes the importance of identifying underlying interests and needs to find mutually beneficial solutions.

Question 25

Humanitarian Intervention

Question 26

Peacemaking

Answer 26

Process of stopping violent conflict and creating negative peace through negotiation and building trust between conflicting parties.

Question 27

Elite Peacemaking

Answer 27

Attempts to stop violence led by senior leaders, such as prime ministers or presidents.