Development

Question 1

Global North vs Global South

Answer 1

North: characterized by high levels of industrialization, advanced technological development, and high standards of living.

South: lower levels of industrialization, limited technological development, and lower standards of living. They may also face challenges such as poverty, political instability, weak institutions, and environmental degradation.

Question 2

Feminist Critical Theory

Answer 2

The idea that women should be placed at the forefront of legislation, and that empowering women through equal opportunities in education, employment and political representation will promote development

Question 3

Economic development

Answer 3

increase productivity and revenue, to establish new industries; innovate and diversify the economy into many different sectors.

Question 4

Human development

Answer 4

enlarging people’s freedoms and opportunities, as well as improving their well-being; in a way that enables them to:
-Lead longer, healthier lives
-Gain knowledge
-Have a comfortable standard of living

Question 5

Sustainable development

Answer 5

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Needs to balance: social, economic and environmental.

Question 6

Income-based measuring development

Answer 6

GDP and GDP per capita, gini coefficient

Question 7

Gini coefficient

Answer 7

Measures income distribution. High gini coefficient indicates high inequality in society. Complements GDP per capita.

Question 8

Human Development Index (HDI)

Answer 8

Measures three dimensions of human development: life expectancy, education, and PPP GNI per capita. Reveals national priorities, potential growth, and disparities. Simplifies and captures only part of human development.

Question 9

Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)

Answer 9

Uses 26 indicators to measure quality of life, including social, environmental, and economic factors. Factors in intangible positives and lessens costs of setbacks. Focuses on sustainable development.

Question 10

Happy Planet Index (HPI)

Answer 10

Measures the extent to which countries provide a happy, long, and suitable life for citizens and inhabitants. Uses life expectancy, experienced well-being, and ecological footprint. Reveals countries’ environmental output and high-income countries rank low.

Question 11

What is the importance of peace and stability in promoting development?

Answer 11

Peace and stability are essential for appropriate decision making and implementation of policies that promote development.
Stable government attracts FDI and investment, leading to economic growth.
Conflicts destroy the social, economic, political, and cultural fabric of society, leading to poverty and vulnerability to famine.
Instability erodes trust and attractiveness of investment destinations and trade partners.

Question 12

How does governance, accountability, and transparency promote development?

Answer 12

Governance, accountability, and transparency are essential for accelerated growth.
High levels of transparency are associated with low corruption levels, leading to efficient tax reallocation and improvement in infrastructure, healthcare, and education.
Developed states have a powerful and independent judicial system that impartially reviews the legality of the government’s actions.
A positive approach towards an accountable and transparent system with a strong and efficient bureaucracy leads to accelerated growth rate.

Question 13

How does governance, accountability, and transparency inhibit development?

Answer 13

Low levels of transparency are associated with high corruption levels, misallocating taxes and other revenues.
Corruption erodes people’s trust in the public sector and misrepresents their best interests.
Lack of an independent judiciary makes unfair or unjust decisions due to influence by outside sources.

Question 14

Neoliberalism

Answer 14

Assumes that the free market is the most fair and efficient way to foster economic growth and development.
This theory says that government interference almost always has negative long-term consequences on development

Question 15

The Washington Consensus

Answer 15

Pro-democracy, argues that the free market can only function effectively and efficiently in an environment where the rule of law is respected and citizens are able to express their opinions.

Question 16

State Capitalism

Answer 16

China, Russia

A political system in which the state has supreme control over both production and the usage of capital and thereby utilizes the market for political advantages, protected from the ups and downs of a market system.

The central government exercises control over these companies through major decisions on investments and through appointments to the top posts

Question 17

Rostow’s model of development (modernization theory)

Answer 17

1. Traditional Societies: subsistence agriculture, low technology, and pre-scientific values
2. Preconditions for take-off: introduction of money and banking, emergence of entrepreneurs with scientific values, and job opportunities in secondary sector
3. Take-off: growth-oriented values, expansion of economic sectors, and urbanization
4. Drive to Maturity: diversification of economy, rising standards, and decreasing poverty
5. High Mass Consumption: widespread wealth, production, and consumption of modern goods, and majority of jobs in tertiary sector.

Question 18

Dependency Theory

Answer 18

Criticises the assumptions of modernization theory, the idea that underdeveloped countries simply need to copy what developed countries did to ‘catch up’

Periphery, Semi-Periphery, Core

Question 19

Capability theory

Answer 19

The approach is based on the premise that economic development in terms of a rise in GDP does not necessarily guarantee a good quality of life for people.

Question 20

What are the advantages of globalization?

Answer 20

Increased economic growth
Improved standards of living
Increased democracy
Cultural development
Improved management of transnational problems

Question 21

What are the disadvantages of globalization?

Answer 21

Loss of jobs in countries with high cost of living
Exploitation of local labor in underdeveloped countries
Growing wealth gap
Wage competition and pressure on wages
Price competition
Regulation avoidance
Lack of cultural diversity

Question 22

What is one advantage of globalization related to cultural development?

Answer 22

Globalized cultures tend to embrace modern ideas, for example, with regards to women’s rights, children’s rights, worker rights and the rights of other minority groups (i.e LGBTQ and racial minorities).

Question 23

What is one disadvantage of globalization related to regulation avoidance?

Answer 23

Corporations locate factories in countries where regulations are less strict, potentially leading to poor working conditions and exploitation of workers.

Question 24

Inequality benefit/harm development

Answer 24

Globalization benefits developing countries through free trade, open markets, and liberal democracy, leading to progress and prosperity.

Development ≠ equal societies/states. Rich get richer, poor get poorer, and large organizations (MNCs) are the real winners, with populations as losers in global scheme.

Question 25

Approaches to Social development

Answer 25

Territorial (strength/weakness of a region)
Participatory ()
Gender (ensuring their equal, full and complete participation at all levels)
Environmental
Partnership (trust and sharing within partnerships)

Question 26

Top to Bottom Development

Answer 26

eg. China’s ghost cities

Question 27

Sectoral development

Answer 27

Development targeted towards primary, secondary and tertiary economic sectors depending on what the government wishes to promote

(Primary: agriculture, mining, fishing, lumbering; secondary: manufacturing; tertiary: service provision, transport, banking, insurance, telecoms, IT)

Question 28

Area development

Answer 28

A regional tool by targeting defined geographical areas in cross border regions which are characterised by a set of common, complex development problems.

Tanzania, the largest city is Dar es Salaam, and they are trying to shift the capital to Dodoma, but people are reluctant to move there.
Masdar City as an example of a planned city.

Question 29

Target group development

Answer 29

Focusing on a particular group of people and focus on the people residing in a locality, village or town.
The quota system, where a certain percentage of the seats in parliament/amount of leadership is reserved for a particular group.