PE SAC SKELETAL SYSTEM Flashcards by rachael venturini

5 functions of the skeletal system

Framework 
Movement 
Protection 
Blood cell formation 
Mineral stage

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Types of bones

Long bones - 
Shorts bones 
Flat bones 
Irregular bones 
Sesamid bones

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Long bones examples

Humerus and femur

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Short bone examples

Carpals and tarsals

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Flat bone examples

Scapula and sternum

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Irregular bone examples

Vertebrae and facial bones

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Sesamid bone examples

Patella

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Axial skeleton consists of…

Cranium
Vertebrae
Rib cage (12 pairs)

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Appendicular skeleton consist of…

Bones in 
Arms 
Legs 
Shoulder 
Pelvis

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Anatomical positions

Anterior and posterior
Superior and inferior
Lateral and medial

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Facing the front of your body

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Posterior

Facing the back of the body

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Superior

Top half of your body

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Inferior

Bottom half of the body

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Lateral

Away from the body

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Medial

Towards the body

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The 4 curves of the vertebrae/spine

Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
The sacrum

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Joints are…

Where two or more bones meet or join together

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Types of joints

Fibrous
Cartilagenous
Synovial

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Fibrous joints

Tough fibres join these bones
They are immoveable
Eg: cranium and pelvis

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Cartilagenous joints

Cartilage joints these bones together
Slightly moveable
Eg: ribs

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Synovial joints

Characterised by synovial fluids
Six types of these bones
Freely moveable
Eg: knee, wrist, hip

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Six types of synovial joints

Hinge- elbow and knee 
Ball and socket- shoulder, hip 
Gliding- carpals, tarsals, clavicle 
Saddle - thumb 
Condyloid - wrist 
Pivot - First 2 vertebrates

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Flexion

Occurs when the angle decreases at the joint.

Eg: lifting a weight

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Extension

The angle increase at the joint Eg: straightening the arm

Hypertension

Occurs when the joint goes beyond the normal extended position Eg: backbend

3 main types of connective tissue

Cartilage Tendons Ligaments

Cartilage

Location-End of bone, between bones, Movement-slightly movement. Function-Shock absorption

tendons

Connect muscle to bone Movement- Inelastic Function-Allows moment

ligaments

connects bond to bone Movement- slightly elastic Function- provide stability

Muscular system functions

Movement Posture Bodily functions

3 types of muscles

Smooth Cardiac Skeletal

Skeletal muscle

Voluntary movement Responsible for posture Pull on the bones

Smooth muscle

Found in the digestive system | Involuntary movement

Cardiac muscle

Muscle of the heart | Involuntary muscle

What is reciprocal inhibition

When one of the muscles is contracting and the other relaxes.

Agonist is

The muscle doing the work and contracting

Antagonist is

The muscle relaxing

Types of muscle contraction

Isotonic Isometric Isokinetic

Isotonic muscles

Where the length of the muscle changes Concentric - muscle shortens Eccentric- muscle lengths

Isometric muscles

Muscle applies the force without changing length

Isokinetic

Maximal tension is developed through a range of motion

What is Hypertrophy

Muscles increasing in size

What is Atrophy

Muscles decrease in size

Dorsi flexion

Occurs when your foot moves towards the shin

Plantar flexion

Occurs when the foot moves away from the shin

Abduction

Occurs when a body part is moved away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Occurs when a body part move towards the midline of your body

Supination

Palms facing upwards

Pronation

Palms facing downwards

Eversion

Sole of foot is rolling outwards

Inversion

Sole of foot is rolling inwards

Elevation

Shoulders up

Depression

Shoulders down

What is Origin

Muscle starts attaching to stable bone

What is insertion

Muscle attaches to a different bone and pulls to create movement

5 parts to the Vertebrae

``` Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacrum Coccyx ```

Number parts to the vertebrae

``` 7- cervical 12- thoracic 5- lumbar 5- sacrum 4- coccyx ```

Example of uniaxial

1 direction | Hinge - elbow

Example of biaxial

2 directions | Saddle- thumb

Example of triaxial

3 directions | Ball and socket - shoulder

A motor unit is

When the motor neuron and the muscle fibers stimulate the muscle together

Fast twitch fibers

White in color Anaerobic doesn't require oxygen Produces small amounts of energy fast

Slow twitch fibers

Red in colour Aerobic - requires oxygen Produces large amount of slowly

Isometric

Muscle applies force without changing length

Isotonic

Length of muscle changes while applying force

12 types of movements

``` Flexion Extension Dorsi flexion Planar Flexion Abduction Adduction Supination Pronation Inversion Eversion Rotation Circumduction ```