PE REVISION Flashcards by Josh DOUGLAS

What is ATP?

The food we eat is stored as amino acids, triglycerides and glycogen, ready to be used as fuel.When the fuels are metabolised they are converted to the compound Adenosine Triphosphate

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What enzyme is needed to breakdown ATP and extract energy?

ATPASE

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How is ATP re-synthesised?

Where the breakdown of PC releases a free phosphate and energy (but not energy usable for exercise) which is used to resynthesise ATP.1 mole of ATP is released for every ATP resynthesized (Ratio of 1:1).PC stores are also small and are depleted after approximately 8 seconds.

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How long do our ATP stores last?

3 SECONDS

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What is an EXOthermic reaction?

A compound is broken down into smaller elements and energy is released.

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What is an ENDOthermic reaction?

Where energy from the surrounding area is absorbed/when a group of elements combine to form a compound.

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duration of atp system

3 seconds

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strengths of ATP system

provides ATP quickly, no delay for oxygen

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weaknesses of ATP system

provides energy for max of 8-10 secs, only 1 mole of ATP resythesised

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when does the glycolytic system kick in

10seconds into exercise

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how much of the energy in glucose does the glycolytic system use

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What is the difference between glycogen & glucose?

glucose is classified as a monosaccharide and sugar, glycogen is classified as a complex carbohydrate and a store of glucose, and it’s made up of several glucose molecules.

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After 10 seconds PC stores and ATP level fall. This triggers the release of which enzyme to breakdown the next available fuel, glucose?

phosphofructokinase (PFK).This catalyses the breakdown of the next available fuel source Glucose & stored Glycogen

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What is the process called in which glucose is broken down without oxygen?

anaerobic glycolysis

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What is produced as a result of anaerobic glycolysis

lactic acid

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For every mole of glucose broken down what is the ATP yield?

2 ATP for one mole of glucose

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if oxygen is not available to continue energy extraction from pyruvic acid, so what enzyme is released?

lactate dehydrogenase

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LDH causes the breakdown of pyruvic acid into what?

lactic acid

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What is OBLA?

Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (4mmol/l)‘The point at which blood lactate levels significantly increase and fatigue sets in’.

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duration of glycolytic system

3 minutes

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strengths of glycolytic system

02 not required

large stores of glycogen can provide more stores of ATP than PC stores

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weaknesses of glycolytic system

lactic acid inhibits muscular contractions

OBLA causes fatigue

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how much of the potential energy does the aerobic system utilize from glucose

it utilizes around 95% of the potential energy in glucose

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what are the 3 key stages of the aerobic system

aerobic glycolysis, Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain

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Which enzyme converts pyruvic acid back into glucose?

coenzyme A

where does aerobic glycolysis occur

sarcoplasm

What is the energy yield of aerobic glycolysis

2 ATP

As O2 is present pyruvic acid is no longer converted to lactic acid. It goes through a link reaction catalysed by coenzyme A which produces what?

acetyl COA

in the Krebs cycle Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid to form what?

citric acid

after citric acid This is oxidised through a cycle of reactions known as the Krebs cycle. CO2, hydrogen and enough energy are released to resynthesize how many moles of ATP?

2 ATP

the Krebs cycle process occurs where

matrix (intracellular fluid) of the mitochondria.

in the ETC The hydrogen atoms are carried through the ETC along the cristae of the mitochondria by which hydrogen carriers

NADs and FADs

Hydrogen ions are oxidised and removed as what?

NADH and FADH

Pairs of hydrogen electrons carried by NADH and FADH release enough energy (combined) to resynthesise how much ATP?

34 moles of ATP

So, in total, when all stages are combined in the aerobic system, what is the energy yield of one mole of glucose?

38 moles of ATP

how do endurance athletes reserve glycogen stores

through the usage of Triglycerides or fats that can be metabolised as FFAs and glycerol.

what are FFAs converted into

acetyl CoA, following the same path through the Krebs cycle

Which enzyme catalyses the breakdown of fats?

Lipase converts triglycerides into Free Fatty Acids

after FFAs are converted to acetyl CoA what does it enters the Krebs Cycle and ETC chain as

pyruvic acid

How much (%) more O2 do FFAs take to metabolise than Glycogen?

13%

by products of aerobic system

CO2 and H2O

duration of aerobic system

3 mins+

strengths of aerobic system

large fuel stores, high ATP stores

weaknesses of aerobic system

delay for O2, slow energy production, FFAs need 15% more O2

PC stores depleted in around 8 seconds. How quickly is 50% and 100% replenished?

30 sec for 50% and 3mins for 100%

O2 stored in myoglobin (tissue) can be fully relinked after how long?

12-48hrs

why does position affect the relative contribution of our energy systems

centre; glycolytic, chasing ball | goalkeeper; ATP, explosive dives

why does tactics affect the relative contribution of our energy systems

high press; intense, offensive | deep sit; preserve stores, defensive

why does level of competition affect the relative contribution of our energy systems

amateur; lack motivation to try as hard | professional; major events matter

why does structure/type of game affect the relative contribution of our energy systems

snooker; unlikely to fatigue | squash; multiple explosive actions in quick succession

why does fitness level affect the relative contribution of our energy systems

sedentary; no adaptations, fatigue quickly | trained; adapted, buffering capacity, CV efficiency

define EPOC

Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption

define deficit

The volume of oxygen that is required to complete an activity aerobically.

define O2 debt

A temporary oxygen shortage in the body tissues arising from exercise that must be repaid as a result of exercise.

in the Fast Alactacid component of recovery What % of EPOC does this account for?

10%

How many litres of O2 is required for the first stage?

1-4L

main aims of fast Alactacid component

replenishment of blood and muscle oxygen | resynthesis of ATP and PC stores

How quickly does oxygen restauration in the blood occur?

1 minute

How quickly does the oxy-myoglobin link restore?

3 minutes

After the fast component the body enters a slow component of recovery. How many litres of O2 is required for this stage?

5-8L

what are the main aims of the slow lactacid component of recovery

1. Provision of energy to maintain ventilation, circulation and body temp 2. Removal of lactic acid and replenishment of glycogen

Post exercise breathing rate and circulation remain elevated and decreased gradually until O2 restauration has occurred and waste products removed. What is the energy cost (%) of this stage of EPOC?

1-2%

Body temp rises during exercise as heat production often exceed heat removal. What % increase in metabolic rate does a 1 degree rise in body temperature cause?

for every 1 degree rise in temp, metabolic rate increases around 13-15per cent

during the maintenance of temperature What is the energy cost (%) of this part of the slow component of recovery?

70%

Post exercise any lactate build up converts back to pyruvic acid and is then either oxidised or converted into glycogen. What % of pyruvic acid is oxidised, re-entering the Krebs Cycle and ETC?

50-75%

What % of pyruvic acid is converted into glucose to top up supplies?

10-25%

How long does lactic acid removal typically take?

1hr but can take 4hrs

reasons why warm up can have a positive impact on recovery times

- Engages aerobic system to deliver O2 to the working muscles - Limits use of anaerobic system, so reduces oxygen deficit

reasons why active recovery can have a positive impact on recovery times

- Flushes capillary beds with oxygen Speeding up removal of lactic acid - Gradually reduce temperature – minimise energy cost of EPOC.

reasons why cooling aids can have a positive impact on recovery times

- Encourages vasodilation of arterioles to the muscles following its use. - Reduces metabolic rate

reasons why intensity of training can have a positive impact on recovery times

- High Intensity training will increases muscle mass and ATP/PC storage, boosting efficiency of the fast component of recovery. - High Intensity training increases tolerance to lactic acid, increasing buffering capacity and delaying OBLA.

reasons why work: rest ratios can have a positive impact on recovery times

- High anaerobic activities (100m)1:3+ work rest ratio Allows ATP PC to resynthesize - Lactate tolerance (800m)1:2 work-rest ratio Works on lactic acid buffering capacity/ tolerance

reasons why strategies and tactics can have a positive impact on recovery times

- allows ATP and PC to resynthesize, | - allows lactic acid to be removed from the bloodstream delaying OBLA

reasons why nutrition/hydration can have a positive impact on recovery times

- Glycogen & Creatine loading increase energy stores | - Bicarbonate may be used to help tolerate the effects of lactic acid.