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Josh's Decks > PE REVISION > Flashcards

PE REVISION Flashcards

1
Q

What is ATP?

A

The food we eat is stored as amino acids, triglycerides and glycogen, ready to be used as fuel.When the fuels are metabolised they are converted to the compound Adenosine Triphosphate

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2
Q

What enzyme is needed to breakdown ATP and extract energy?

A

ATPASE

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3
Q

How is ATP re-synthesised?

A

Where the breakdown of PC releases a free phosphate and energy (but not energy usable for exercise) which is used to resynthesise ATP.1 mole of ATP is released for every ATP resynthesized (Ratio of 1:1).PC stores are also small and are depleted after approximately 8 seconds.

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4
Q

How long do our ATP stores last?

A

3 SECONDS

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5
Q

What is an EXOthermic reaction?

A

A compound is broken down into smaller elements and energy is released.

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6
Q

What is an ENDOthermic reaction?

A

Where energy from the surrounding area is absorbed/when a group of elements combine to form a compound.

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7
Q

duration of atp system

A

3 seconds

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8
Q

strengths of ATP system

A

provides ATP quickly, no delay for oxygen

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9
Q

weaknesses of ATP system

A

provides energy for max of 8-10 secs, only 1 mole of ATP resythesised

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10
Q

when does the glycolytic system kick in

A

10seconds into exercise

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11
Q

how much of the energy in glucose does the glycolytic system use

A

5%

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12
Q

What is the difference between glycogen & glucose?

A

glucose is classified as a monosaccharide and sugar, glycogen is classified as a complex carbohydrate and a store of glucose, and it’s made up of several glucose molecules.

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13
Q

After 10 seconds PC stores and ATP level fall. This triggers the release of which enzyme to breakdown the next available fuel, glucose?

A

phosphofructokinase (PFK).This catalyses the breakdown of the next available fuel source Glucose & stored Glycogen

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14
Q

What is the process called in which glucose is broken down without oxygen?

A

anaerobic glycolysis

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15
Q

What is produced as a result of anaerobic glycolysis

A

lactic acid

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16
Q

For every mole of glucose broken down what is the ATP yield?

A

2 ATP for one mole of glucose

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17
Q

if oxygen is not available to continue energy extraction from pyruvic acid, so what enzyme is released?

A

lactate dehydrogenase

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18
Q

LDH causes the breakdown of pyruvic acid into what?

A

lactic acid

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19
Q

What is OBLA?

A

Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (4mmol/l)‘The point at which blood lactate levels significantly increase and fatigue sets in’.

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20
Q

duration of glycolytic system

A

3 minutes

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21
Q

strengths of glycolytic system

A

02 not required

large stores of glycogen can provide more stores of ATP than PC stores

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22
Q

weaknesses of glycolytic system

A

lactic acid inhibits muscular contractions

OBLA causes fatigue

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23
Q

how much of the potential energy does the aerobic system utilize from glucose

A

it utilizes around 95% of the potential energy in glucose

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24
Q

what are the 3 key stages of the aerobic system

A

aerobic glycolysis, Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain

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25
Q

Which enzyme converts pyruvic acid back into glucose?

A

coenzyme A

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26
Q

where does aerobic glycolysis occur

A

sarcoplasm

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27
Q

What is the energy yield of aerobic glycolysis

A

2 ATP

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28
Q

As O2 is present pyruvic acid is no longer converted to lactic acid. It goes through a link reaction catalysed by coenzyme A which produces what?

A

acetyl COA

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29
Q

in the Krebs cycle Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid to form what?

A

citric acid

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30
Q

after citric acid This is oxidised through a cycle of reactions known as the Krebs cycle. CO2, hydrogen and enough energy are released to resynthesize how many moles of ATP?

A

2 ATP

31
Q

the Krebs cycle process occurs where

A

matrix (intracellular fluid) of the mitochondria.

32
Q

in the ETC The hydrogen atoms are carried through the ETC along the cristae of the mitochondria by which hydrogen carriers

A

NADs and FADs

33
Q

Hydrogen ions are oxidised and removed as what?

A

NADH and FADH

34
Q

Pairs of hydrogen electrons carried by NADH and FADH release enough energy (combined) to resynthesise how much ATP?

A

34 moles of ATP

35
Q

So, in total, when all stages are combined in the aerobic system, what is the energy yield of one mole of glucose?

A

38 moles of ATP

36
Q

how do endurance athletes reserve glycogen stores

A

through the usage of Triglycerides or fats that can be metabolised as FFAs and glycerol.

37
Q

what are FFAs converted into

A

acetyl CoA, following the same path through the Krebs cycle

38
Q

Which enzyme catalyses the breakdown of fats?

A

Lipase converts triglycerides into Free Fatty Acids

39
Q

after FFAs are converted to acetyl CoA what does it enters the Krebs Cycle and ETC chain as

A

pyruvic acid

40
Q

How much (%) more O2 do FFAs take to metabolise than Glycogen?

A

13%

41
Q

by products of aerobic system

A

CO2 and H2O

42
Q

duration of aerobic system

A

3 mins+

43
Q

strengths of aerobic system

A

large fuel stores, high ATP stores

44
Q

weaknesses of aerobic system

A

delay for O2, slow energy production, FFAs need 15% more O2

45
Q

PC stores depleted in around 8 seconds. How quickly is 50% and 100% replenished?

A

30 sec for 50% and 3mins for 100%

46
Q

O2 stored in myoglobin (tissue) can be fully relinked after how long?

A

12-48hrs

47
Q

why does position affect the relative contribution of our energy systems

A

centre; glycolytic, chasing ball

goalkeeper; ATP, explosive dives

48
Q

why does tactics affect the relative contribution of our energy systems

A

high press; intense, offensive

deep sit; preserve stores, defensive

49
Q

why does level of competition affect the relative contribution of our energy systems

A

amateur; lack motivation to try as hard

professional; major events matter

50
Q

why does structure/type of game affect the relative contribution of our energy systems

A

snooker; unlikely to fatigue

squash; multiple explosive actions in quick succession

51
Q

why does fitness level affect the relative contribution of our energy systems

A

sedentary; no adaptations, fatigue quickly

trained; adapted, buffering capacity, CV efficiency

52
Q

define EPOC

A

Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption

53
Q

define deficit

A

The volume of oxygen that is required to complete an activity aerobically.

54
Q

define O2 debt

A

A temporary oxygen shortage in the body tissues arising from exercise that must be repaid as a result of exercise.

55
Q

in the Fast Alactacid component of recovery What % of EPOC does this account for?

A

10%

56
Q

How many litres of O2 is required for the first stage?

A

1-4L

57
Q

main aims of fast Alactacid component

A

replenishment of blood and muscle oxygen

resynthesis of ATP and PC stores

58
Q

How quickly does oxygen restauration in the blood occur?

A

1 minute

59
Q

How quickly does the oxy-myoglobin link restore?

A

3 minutes

60
Q

After the fast component the body enters a slow component of recovery.
How many litres of O2 is required for this stage?

A

5-8L

61
Q

what are the main aims of the slow lactacid component of recovery

A
  1. Provision of energy to maintain ventilation, circulation and body temp
  2. Removal of lactic acid and replenishment of glycogen
62
Q

Post exercise breathing rate and circulation remain elevated and decreased gradually until O2 restauration has occurred and waste products removed.
What is the energy cost (%) of this stage of EPOC?

A

1-2%

63
Q

Body temp rises during exercise as heat production often exceed heat removal.
What % increase in metabolic rate does a 1 degree rise in body temperature cause?

A

for every 1 degree rise in temp, metabolic rate increases around 13-15per cent

64
Q

during the maintenance of temperature What is the energy cost (%) of this part of the slow component of recovery?

A

70%

65
Q

Post exercise any lactate build up converts back to pyruvic acid and is then either oxidised or converted into glycogen.
What % of pyruvic acid is oxidised, re-entering the Krebs Cycle and ETC?

A

50-75%

66
Q

What % of pyruvic acid is converted into glucose to top up supplies?

A

10-25%

67
Q

How long does lactic acid removal typically take?

A

1hr but can take 4hrs

68
Q

reasons why warm up can have a positive impact on recovery times

A
  • Engages aerobic system to deliver O2 to the working muscles
  • Limits use of anaerobic system, so reduces oxygen deficit
69
Q

reasons why active recovery can have a positive impact on recovery times

A
  • Flushes capillary beds with oxygen Speeding up removal of lactic acid
  • Gradually reduce temperature – minimise energy cost of EPOC.
70
Q

reasons why cooling aids can have a positive impact on recovery times

A
  • Encourages vasodilation of arterioles to the muscles following its use.
  • Reduces metabolic rate
71
Q

reasons why intensity of training can have a positive impact on recovery times

A
  • High Intensity training will increases muscle mass and ATP/PC storage, boosting efficiency of the fast component of recovery.
  • High Intensity training increases tolerance to lactic acid, increasing buffering capacity and delaying OBLA.
72
Q

reasons why work: rest ratios can have a positive impact on recovery times

A
  • High anaerobic activities (100m)1:3+ work rest ratio Allows ATP PC to resynthesize
  • Lactate tolerance (800m)1:2 work-rest ratio Works on lactic acid buffering capacity/ tolerance
73
Q

reasons why strategies and tactics can have a positive impact on recovery times

A
  • allows ATP and PC to resynthesize,

- allows lactic acid to be removed from the bloodstream delaying OBLA

74
Q

reasons why nutrition/hydration can have a positive impact on recovery times

A
  • Glycogen & Creatine loading increase energy stores

- Bicarbonate may be used to help tolerate the effects of lactic acid.

Josh's Decks (10 decks)

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