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Approaches Assesment Flashcards

1
Q

What three influential psychologists did the learning approach come from

A

Pavlov Skinner and Watson

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2
Q

What are the main assumptions of the learning approach

A
  • All behaviour is learnt and all we have at birth is the capacity to learn
  • a person is the product of their environment and born a blank slate
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3
Q

What does the learning approach argue

A

In order for psychology to be scientific it should focus on observable behaviours which can be objective we measured rather than cognitive processes which can only be inferred

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4
Q

What was Pavlov trying to find out

A

If dogs could learn to celebrate in response to a bell through Association or classical conditioning

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5
Q

Define Extinction in behaviourism

A

If the conditioned stimulus is continually presented without the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response gradually dies out or is extinguished

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6
Q

Define spontaneous recovery in behaviourism

A

If a conditioned response is not reinforced it becomes extinguished but after a period of time the response may suddenly reappear

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7
Q

Define discrimination in behaviourism

A

The conditioned response is produced Only when presented with the original stimulus

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8
Q

Define generalisation in behaviourism

A

It is an extension of conditioned response from the original stimulus to a similar stimulus

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9
Q

Define one trial learning in behaviourism

A

This is when conditioning occurs immediately after one trial

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10
Q

What did Skinner call learning from consequences

A

Operant conditioning

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11
Q

What is Skinners Theory

A

That the likelihood of future behaviour is determined by the consequences of past behaviour

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12
Q

What are Primary reinforcers

A

Something that fills biological needs

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13
Q

What are secondary reinforcers

A

Something that gives you the biological requirement

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14
Q

Give two different schedules of reinforcement

A

Continuous- this is where you are rewarded every time you do a behaviour
Fixed ration- this is why you are given a reward after a certain number of responses

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15
Q

What is positive reinforcement

A

Increasing the frequency of a desired behaviour by giving pleasant consequences

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16
Q

Example of positive reinforcement in Skinners research

A

In Skinners research he demonstrated positive reinforcement by the rat pressing a lever that dispenses food. The presentation of food for fills the biological need and has acted as a positive reinforcement for the desired behaviour of the rat pressing the lever.

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17
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A

Increasing the frequency of a desired behaviour by removing something unpleasant

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18
Q

Example of negative reinforcement in Skinners research

A

This was demonstrated in Skinners research when the cage was set up so that the floor would be electrified and the lever now switches off the current eventually the learns to press the lever immediately when the current is turned on. This was not positive reinforcement as Skinner was not rewarding the rat with something it liked rather reinforcing the behaviour by taking away something it didn’t like

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19
Q

Example of negative reinforcement in Skinners research

A

This was demonstrated in Skinners research when the cage was set up so that the floor would be electrified and the lever now switches off the current eventually the learns to press the lever immediately when the current is turned on. This was not positive reinforcement as Skinner was not rewarding the rat with something it liked rather reinforcing the behaviour by taking away something it didn’t like

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20
Q

Define punishment

A

Decreasing the frequency of an undesired behaviour by giving unpleasant consequences

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21
Q

Example of punishment in Skinners research

A

Skinner change the mechanism so that when the rat presses the lever instead of food is giving electric shock to its poor that will stop pressing the lever and the electric shock cause actor the punishment which had the effect of weakening and extinguishing the lever pressing behaviour

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22
Q

What did Albert bandura do with the learning approach and what did he agree with

A

Hira find some of the ideas from the learning approach and agreed that we learn directly through CC and OC but also indirectly through imitating role models

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23
Q

Define imitation

A

Copying the behaviours of others

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24
Q

Define identification

A

When the Observer associate themselves with a role model and wants to be like them

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25
Define modelling
From the observers perspective it is imitating the behaviour of the role model from the role models perspective it is the precise demonstration of a specific behaviour that may be imitated by The Observer
26
Define vicarious reinforcement
This is when an individual observes a role model being rewarded for a behaviour which then they are motivated to imitate hoping to receive a similar reward
27
Define Vicarious punishment
When an individual observes a role model being punished for a behaviour they are then motivated to avoid doing this so they don't receive a similar punishment
28
What are the four mediational processes in social learning theory
Attention- extent to which they noticed certain behaviours retention- how well the behaviour is remembered reproduction- the ability of the Observer to perform the behaviour motivation- the will to perform the behaviour which is often determined by the reward or punishment
29
Summarise bandura's research
- 36 boys and 36 girls in matched pairs on aggression levels - three conditions, violent model, non-violent and Central - observed to see if model affected behaviour with a doll - child who had an aggressive role model was significantly more aggressive to the doll
30
Assumptions of the cognitive approach
All behaviour is driven by internal mental processes and we process information in a linear systematic way
31
What does the cognitive approach use scientific research methods to study
Observable and measurable behaviours that can have inferences made on them
32
What is an inference
It is an informed assumption
33
What does the information-processing approach believe
It believes we process information in a linear systematic way.
34
What does the information processing approach see human mind similar to
It sees human mind similar to computers complete with hardware which is the organic matter in your skull and software which are the cognitive processes like memory. It says that we code and have different stores to hold information
35
Define schema
A cognitive structure which contains knowledge about an object person activity or even roles based on experience full stop these beliefs and expectations help us make sense of the world
36
Which famous psychologist adopted the term schema
Jean piaget
37
What does the extent to which are schemas are similar to others depend on
it depends in a large part on the extent of our shared experience for instance people of a similar age and cultural background may have similar schema to ask but those with significantly different experiences of the world may differ
38
What is a problem with schemas helping us fill in the gaps in the absence of full information
This is an issue because it can lead to the creation of stereotypes that we find difficult to challenge as we are likely to exclude information that does not conform to a pre-existing beliefs and ideas
39
What does cognitive neuroscience look for
The physical basis of actual cognitive processes
40
Explain post mortems and the cognitive processes identified using this method
Post-mortem examination is an invasive study after death. The broca's area involved with speech production was identified using this method
41
Explain fmri and the cognitive processes identified using this method
Fmri the study of flow of blood to parts of the brain and produce a moving image the cognitive processes identified using this method are Alzheimer's and Strokes
42
Explain eeg and the cognitive processes identified using this method
P J's include electrons which pick up an impulse across someone's scalp. They have helped to identify epilepsy and sleep disorders in patients
43
Who founded the psychodynamic approach
Sigmund Freud
44
When treating some middle-class women what revelation did he have
That if you just talk to patients they can get better
45
What are the assumptions of the psychodynamic approach
That all of our behaviour can be motivated by unconscious Motives and events that occur in early childhood
46
What does the Conscious mind consist of
It consists of thoughts we are aware of this includes our perceptions and everyday thoughts
47
What does the preconscious consist of
This includes memories and stored knowledge that we can access if needed
48
What does the unconscious consist of
This consists of information which is very hard or even impossible to retrieve this includes fears, Instincts, distressing or embarrassing material as well as traumatic experiences
49
What is the role of the unconscious
The role of this type is to direct and motivate behaviour without conscious awareness but also to protect us from embarrassing material that would damage the psyche if recalled into conscious
50
Name the three structures of Personality
The id the ego the superego
51
Describe the id and it's principle
It is a selfish beast which only cares about instant gratification and is based on the pleasure principle
52
Describe the ego and its principal
This is the executive of personality and it finds the balance between the ID and superego it is based on the reality principle and uses defence mechanisms
53
Describe the superego and it's principle
The superego is the ideal ego it is all based on doing the right things and opposes desire and increases moral restrictions it is based on the morality
54
Describe displacement
Redirection of an impulse onto a powerless substitute target
55
Define repression
This is where the mind removes the traumatic memory so that it is not experienced
56
Define sublimation
This is the transformation of an impulse into a physical activity
57
What are the psychosexual stages and the age at which they occur
Oral stage; 0-1 Anal stage; 1-3 Phallic stage; 3-6 Latent stage; 6+
58
Characteristics of the oral stage and pleasure source
The the source of pleasure is through putting things in your mouth if trauma occurs in childhood in this stage if they can become more argumentative and may have eating disorders
59
Characteristics of anal stage and pleasure
Pleasure is gains through the excretion and holding of faeces if trauma is caused in this stage then the people may become anally retentive or anally expulsive
60
Characteristics of the phallic stage and pleasure source
Pleasure and gratification is gained through the touching of one's genital region in this stage boys will develop the Oedipus Complex and girls who developed the electra complex
61
Characteristics of the latent stage
This involves the sexual repression of Oedipus or electra complex
62
Characteristics of the genital state
This is where someone will have Desire for peers and Direct Pursuit of genital erogenous zone stimulation
63
Assumptions of the humanistic approach
- that people are born with free will and wish to fulfil their potential - People are basically good and have any to make themselves and the world
64
Why is the humanistic approach less scientific than other approaches
This is because it often relies on subjective judgements or deals with Concepts that are difficult to measure empirically
65
Why is the humanistic approach more holistic
This is because it considers all factors and addresses the understanding of human behaviour in a more personal way
66
What are the 5 parts of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
``` Physiological safety Love and belonging esteem Self actualisation ``` PS; laughing eels sting
67
Define free will
Acting without constraint
68
Define self-actualisation
Psychological growth fufillment and satisfaction in life
69
How can the self be described
How you perceive yourself as a person
70
What is ideal, actual and perceived self
Ideal; how you want to be Actual; who you actually are Perceived; how others perceive you
71
What is congruence
The degree of similarity between a person's ideal self and their imagined real self
72
Define conditions of worth
These are the conditions imposed on an individual's character that are considered necessary to earn positive regard from significant others
73
What did Rogers believe about the influence of the humanistic approach on counselling
He believes that with counselling people would be able to solve their own problems in constructive ways and moved towards becoming a more functioning person
74
What does Rogers claim the role of the counsellor using the humanistic approach is to do
It is to facilitate rather than Direct and the goal of therapy is to help the individual understand themselves

Josh's Decks (10 decks)

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