PE PAPER 2, skill classification, sports psychology

Question 1

What is meant by a skill?

Answer 1

A learned action or behaviour with an intention of bringing about pre-determined results.

Question 2

What is an ability?

Answer 2

An inherited stable trait that a performer is born with that determines an individuals potential to learn or acquire a new skill.

Question 3

What are some examples of abilities?

Answer 3

Co-ordination, flexibility, balance, muscular power and muscular endurance.

Question 4

What is meant by an open skill?

Answer 4

A skill performed in an unpredictable changing environment where the surroundings affect how the skill is performed.

Question 5

What is meant by a closed skill?

Answer 5

A skill performed in a predictable environment where the surroundings don’t affect the skill being performed.

Question 6

What is meant by a basic skill?

Answer 6

A simple skill that doesn’t require much concentration.

Question 7

What is meant by a complex skill?

Answer 7

A difficult skill that requires a great deal of concentration.

Question 8

What is a self-paced skill?

Answer 8

A skill that is controlled by the performer.

Question 9

What is an externally-paced skill?

Answer 9

A skill that is controlled by the environment and surroundings.

Question 10

What is the difference between a gross movement and a fine movement?

Answer 10

A gross movement, involves large muscle groups which perform bigger plays whereas a fine movement involves small and precise movements that require high levels of accuracy.

Question 11

What is the difference between an outcome goal and a performance goal?

Answer 11

An outcome goal is linked to result of performance such as winning a competition. In contrast, a performance goal is concerned with previous bests and a person’s performance such as a performer getting a new personal best.

Question 12

What does SMART targets stand for?

Answer 12

Specific - to the demands of the sport or muscle movements
Measurable - measuring whether the target has been met
Accepted - by the performer and others involved
Realistic - can the target actually be completed
Time bound - set period of time so the performer knows if they have achieved it

Question 13

What is information processing?

Answer 13

The process that a performer goes through when they make an act of decisions.

Question 14

What are the four stages of the information processing model?

Answer 14

Input, Decision-Making, Output, Feedback

Question 15

What happens at the Decision-Making stage?

Answer 15

Where the performer selects an appropriate response (movement/skill) from memory. The performer compares the current situation in match/sport, which is held in the short term memory to other previous experiences which are held in the long term memory. The performer can then decide the appropriate response/reaction from this.

Question 16

What happens at the Output stage?

Answer 16

The decision chosen is sent to the appropriate muscles to carry out the response.

Question 17

What happens at the Input stage?

Answer 17

The performer takes in information from the environment such as things they can see, hear or smell. They use selective attention where they focus on the most important parts of the display that is going on around them.

Question 18

What happens at the Feedback stage?

Answer 18

Information is received from within themselves or from others regarding the success (or not) of the action. Feedback can be received while performing the skill or after the skill.

Question 19

What is visual guidance and what are some advantages and disadvantages?

Answer 19

A guidance in a form where people can see such as a demonstration.
Advantages:
1. Useful for all levels of performers
2. Especially good for young/inexperienced performers
3. Vision is most people’s dominant sense
Disadvantages:
1. Demonstration must be of good quality
2. Some skills are too complex to demonstrate

Question 20

What is verbal guidance and what are some advantages and disadvantages?

Answer 20

When a coach or an expert gives the performer guidance speaking to them telling them what to do.
Advantages:
1. Good for high level performers
2. Can highlight key points quickly
Disadvantages:
1. Can cause information overload
2. Can be boring
3. Some things are too complex to explain

Question 21

What is manual guidance and what are some of the advantages and disadvantages?

Answer 21

Involves a coach physically moving a performer into the correct position.
Advantages:
1. Builds confidence
2. Eliminates danger
Disadvantages:
1. They could become reliant on it

Question 22

What is mechanical guidance and what are some advantages and disadvantages?

Answer 22

Involves the use of equipment to help support the performer.
Advantages:
1. Good for dangerous skills
2. Allows performer to gain a feel for the movement without fear
Disadvantages:
1. Equipment can become expensive
2. Performer could rely on aid too much

Question 23

Define the term arousal.

Answer 23

A physical and mental state of alertness/rediness varying from deep sleep to intense excitement

Question 24

What is the difference between high arousal and low arousal?

Answer 24

High arousal is feeling alert and excited ready for anything whereas low arousal is feeling tired or having less energy.

Question 25

In gross movements, what does the performer require mentally to ensure the skill has been executed?

Answer 25

A high level of arousal, in fine movements a lower level of arousal is required.

Question 26

What is the difference between knowledge of results and knowledge of performance?

Answer 26

Knowledge of results - feedback about the outcome Knowledge of performance - Feedback about the quality of the performance e.g. technique

Question 27

What are some examples of knowledge of results and knowledge of performance?

Answer 27

KR - What score you recorded in golf, how quickly you ran the 100m, whether your shot in football went in the goal or not. KP - How good the swing was in golf, how powerful your shot was in football, how quick out the blocks you were on the 100m and how good your knee lift was.

Question 28

What is intrinsic feedback?

Answer 28

Information which is received from within the performer such as how something feels from senses or muscles.

Question 29

What is extrinsic feedback?

Answer 29

Information received about a performance which comes from outside the performer from a coach or from a teacher.

Question 30

Explain the inverted U theory.

Answer 30

- As arousal increases, so does the performance - Up to the optimum level - If arousal increases further past this point then the performance will decrease

Question 31

How can arousal levels be controlled?

Answer 31

- Deep breathing can lower arousal levels if the performer goes past the optimum level of arousal - Mental rehearsal can increase arousal levels by imagining a positive outcome - Positive self-talk can increase arousal levels by the performer telling themself that they will have a positive outcome

Question 32

Define the term aggression.

Answer 32

Deliberate intent to harm or injure another person, but in sport it can be controlled and can be mental or physical.

Question 33

Outline the differences between direct and indirect aggression.

Answer 33

Direct aggression is an aggressive act that involves physical contact with others. In contrast, indirect aggression is an aggressive act that does not involve direct physical contact on an opponent or another player.

Question 34

What is an introvert personality?

Answer 34

A quiet, shy and passive character type usually associated with individual sports performances.

Question 35

What is an extrovert personality?

Answer 35

A sociable, active and talkative character type usually associated with team sports.

Question 36

What is meant by motivation?

Answer 36

The drive to succeed, or the desire to achieve or be inspired to do something.

Question 37

What is intrinsic motivation?

Answer 37

The drive to succeed that comes from within.

Question 38

What is extrinsic motivation?

Answer 38

The drive to succeed or perform well in order to gain external rewards.

Question 39

What sports can be associated with an intrinsic personality type?

Answer 39

Open water swimming, squash

Question 40

What sports can be associated with an extrinsic personality type?

Answer 40

Football, rugby most team sports

Question 41

Extrinsic motivation - what is the difference between tangible and intangible rewards?

Answer 41

Tangible rewards - being motivated by something you an physically see or touch e.g. certificates, trophies, medals etc Intangible rewards - being motivated by good feedback/praise, applause from the crowd.

Question 42

What are some of the pros and cons of knowledge of performance?

Answer 42

Pros: 1. Detailed feedback can help experienced performers Cons: 1. Can be challenging to break a performance down

Question 43

What are some of the pros and cons of knowledge of results?

Answer 43

Pros: 1. Can give a performer a quick measure of success Cons: 1. Demotivating for other performers in situations where there is one winner

Question 44

Define kinaesthetic feedback?

Answer 44

Received by receptors in the muscles. Physical sensations generated by movements.

Question 45

Give a SMART target for an olympic 100m sprinter?

Answer 45

You will run under 10 seconds in 6 months time for 100 metres if you train twice a week.