PE of fronteirs

Question 1

Does land become investible by just utilising it as property?

Answer 1

No, existing uses need to be disregarded and ignored

Li 2014

Question 2

Why does Li (2014) refer to the frontier as “empty but full”?

Answer 2

It is discursively framed as empty, when in actuality it has a range of human and non-human uses

Li 2014

Question 3

What is the main criticism I have about Li’s (2014) focus on inscriptive devices?

Answer 3

It makes it sound like people are not driven by profit motives, and so the element of malice appears overstated

Question 4

Is investment in land always apolitical?

Answer 4

• Li (2014) suggests that land is made investable for profit by making it appear degraded
• Malthusian narratives of overpopulation and backwardness used to justify investing in productive forms of agriculture

Question 5

What does environmentality do?

Answer 5

Constructs nature through disciplinary power, co-opted by the state

Question 6

What is a good paper on indigeneity vs the state?

Answer 6

Li 2000

• Power and resistances

Question 7

What might be an interesting way to think about frontiers?

Answer 7

• Geographical (real) frontiers of extraction
• Conceptual frontiers in PE studies

Question 8

How is indigeneity associated with the state?

Answer 8

It is antagonistic to the state, esp in social movements

Yet it can be ratified by the state - the state decides who is considered indigenous

Question 9

Why is the ratification of indigeneity by the state significant?

Answer 9

Highlights where the legal and epistemological power lies

All about recognition and sovereignty

Question 10

What does PE question about resources?

Answer 10

PE considers the transient qualities of resources

“Resources are not; they become” Zimmerman (1933) - holistic

Question 11

What is the association between the state, pastoralism, and climate change?

Answer 11

• Climate change framed as a threat
• Yet the state is more of a threat than climate change
• If state respects pastoralists, climate change might be commensurable

Question 12

What links are there to other parts of the course re climate change impacts?

Answer 12

Could link to pol forests and agriculture

• State a threat in the past
• Is climate change more of a threat in the future?

Question 13

Why is there an injustice re state and pastoralism during climate change?

Answer 13

It is caused by activities in the G North

(Davies & Nori, 2008)

Also Machado 2022

Question 14

Who gets blamed for environmental mismanagement?

Answer 14

The poorest (Gray and Moseley 2005)

Question 15

What official intl organisation blamed poor for environmental mismanagement?

Answer 15

WB 1996
- Poor cannot INVEST in environmental protection
- Overlooks other methods of protecting the environment

Question 16

Who has suggested that the state is responsible for poverty in the South?

Answer 16

Gray and Moseley 2005

Question 17

How can Foucault and environmentality be applied to pastoralist livelihoods being considered inferior?

Answer 17

State sees them as backward

Creates truths about the nature of environmental change

Question 18

What simple fact proves that peasants are able to adapt to climate change?

Answer 18

They have endured millennia of change (Machado 2022)

(But CC might be more rapid change!)

Question 19

How does Scott 1976 refer to smallholder resistance?

Answer 19

They have the “basis of subsistence” (Scott 1978)

Question 20

Who suggests that smallholders are the solution to c change?

Answer 20

Machado 2022 - we should all learn from smallholders

Also Netting 1993

Question 21

What is a good case study for state expropriation of smallholder land deteriorating livelihoods and the environment?

Answer 21

Yeh 2003; Cao et al 2013 Tibetan plateau rangelands
- Chinese state control over land = degradation
- Grass production went down
- Equilibrium changed in landscape socio-ecology
- Less mobility for pastoralists
- State worse than climate change

• Consider how smallholders are then blamed (Foucault and truths in discourse) - Cao et al 2013 good for this!

Question 22

Is the Chinese state directly involved in the degradation of grassland degradation in Tibet?

Answer 22

No, indirectly involved in privatisation over the last 30 years (Cao et al 2013)

(of course, technically any conversion of communal land to property for accumulation, even if owned by state, is a form of privatisation)

Question 23

Why are webs of relations important for pastoral livelihoods?

Answer 23

• Mobility of smallholders in Tibet
• There are “spatial and temporal mismatches between grassland production and livestock access to forage”

Cao et al 2013

Question 24

How have changes to grasslands in Tibet been framed?

Answer 24

• Considered a tragedy of the commons
• Misleading statistics

Cao et al 2013

Question 25

What is the general advantage of Cao et al 2013 and what is a limitation?

Answer 25

- Uncovered the state-endorsed changes to agriculture and misleading attribution to tragedy of the commons - Yet only considers past climatic changes, and not more intense future climate changes

Question 26

In what ways does Cao et al 2013 link to Gramsci's (1971) Cultural Hegemony?

Answer 26

Cao et al 2013 found that local governments appeased the Chinese state in an effort to receive favourable treatment Does not use Cultural Hegemony, though...

Question 27

What is a good example of "violent evictions" for capitalist development in the G South?

Answer 27

Verhoeven 2011 /fata morgana/ imposed in S Sudan in the 1970s

Question 28

Who suggests that climate change is a smokescreen for state-led degradation?

Answer 28

Verhoeven 2011 Climate change legitimises intervention Good links to pol forests and the moral aspects of global concerns

Question 29

Why is the tragedy of the commons particularly problematic?

Answer 29

Not just that it reproduces neo-Malthusian narratives about scarcity It suggests that scarcity is the fault of poor agricultural practices Worst of all, it calls for the benevolent state to intervene Hardin 1968

Question 30

Who discussed the "politics of seeds" in the Green Revolution?

Answer 30

Scoones and Thompson 2011 Yet still reproduces Malthusain narratives re population growth

Question 31

Who has most famously criticised the state re green revolutions?

Answer 31

Shiva 1992 The green revolution "produced scarcity, not abundance" (Moseley 2017)

Question 32

Who has suggested an alternative Green Revolution with more equitable seeds?

Answer 32

Moseley 2017 - a PE critique

Question 33

Who has suggested that land grabs are oversimplified?

Answer 33

Borras & Franco (2012) There are complicated processes Good critique of political economy approaches

Question 34

Give a good paper on the emotional dimensions of water struggles (or emotional geographies generally)?

Answer 34

Sultana 2011 WORTH MENTIONING

Question 35

Who has suggested that pastoralists are too often homogenised?

Answer 35

Little et al 2011 - Some pastoralists are affected by environmental change more than others - Those most affected could hardly be called pastoralists - their labour has been commodified

Question 36

Who proved that commons could, contrary to Hardin, be sustainably used?

Answer 36

Ostrom 1990

Question 37

Who has discussed the "new pastoral commons" in Eastern Africa?

Answer 37

Bollig & Lesorogol 2016

Question 38

What is the problem with the "new pastoral commons"?

Answer 38

Don't actually garantee rights and autonomy to pastotalists (Bollig & Lesorogol 2016) - Bottom up good, top down part of the state, still disembedding economic life from social life - need "moral" arrangements to allow the "new commons" to work

Question 39

What does the "new pastoral paradigm" / "new commons" seek to do?

Answer 39

Seek to incrementally re-embed economic activity with the land back into relations of kin Particularly through re-establishing mobility in rangelands Turner 2011

Question 40

What is the primary constraint on pastoralist livelihoods? Why?

Answer 40

- Restricting mobility - Disrupts equilibria between people and the landscape = "nonequilibria ecology" Turner 2011 focusing on drylands in Africa

Question 41

What "attacks" have there been on pastoralist livelihoods in African Drylands (Turner 2011)?

Answer 41

- Settlement programs without a choice - Expropriation of lands and livestock Turner 2011

Question 42

Does state ratification of pastoralism and indigeneity always work?

Answer 42

No, pastoralism still declined in E Africa Turner 2011

Question 43

Who has suggested that pastoralism decline is due to climate change?

Answer 43

Turner 2011 (because ratified by state, why else declined? - except ignores nature of state ratification, and restricted mobility)

Question 44

Why does restricting mobility exposre pastoralists to C Change?

Answer 44

Unable to move to find places with/without rainfall (Turner 2011)

Question 45

What should be done instead of destroying pastoral livelihoods?

Answer 45

We should be trying to learn from pastoral livelihoods (Behnke 2018)

Question 46

Where does pastoralism take place?

Answer 46

In land that is convetionally defined as marginal (Behnke 2018)

Question 47

Who has put forward a (problematic and) pessimistic view of pastoralism during climate change?

Answer 47

Kirkbride 2008 - pastoralists impoverished by environmental change

Question 48

Why are matters associated with climate change particularly intriguing in PE?

Answer 48

It is morally loaded - link to Foucauldian Discourse analysis

Question 49

Who summarised the -ve impacts of c change for pastoralists?

Answer 49

Kirkbride 2008

Question 50

Who has suggested commodifying pastoralism to solve the (supposed)impacts of climate change?

Answer 50

Herrero et al 2018 - Pastoralists one of the "most climate change-vulnerable groups on the planet"

Question 51

Why are discussions of pastoral vulnerability misleading?

Answer 51

Vulnerability is arguably an integral part of pastoralism - it is a risk reducing system (Kratli et al 2013) Pastoralism is "written off as an unsustainable system"

Question 52

Who suggests that the capitalist state could exacerbate the impacts of climate change?

Answer 52

Kratli et al 2013

Question 53

Who suggests that pastoralists could adapt to c change if the state steps back?

Answer 53

Davies & Nori 2008 Pastoralism can adapt if given the opportunity to

Question 54

How much of the world's area is used for pastoralism?

Answer 54

25% Davies & Nori 2008

Question 55

What is more important - access to resources or availability of resources?

Answer 55

Davies and Nori (2008) suggest that ACCESS trumps AVAILABILITY for pastoralism

Question 56

Who has linked climate change, pastoralism and conflict in Africa?

Answer 56

Butler & Gates (2012) - "range wars"

Question 57

How much will global temperatures rise by 2100?

Answer 57

"global temperatures will rise by between 1.4º and 5.8º C by 2100" (Nori et al 2008)

Question 58

Are the impacts of climate change equal?

Answer 58

No heterogenous (Nori et al 2008)

Question 59

What is the difference between pastoralist subsistence and commercialised / commodified agriculture?

Answer 59

Pastoralists work WITH the land, not ON the land (i.e., land is detached in capitalism)

Question 60

Do all pastoralists act outside of the market?

Answer 60

No, they produce quantified, market value! (Kirkbride 2008)