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PEGS > PE of conservation > Flashcards

PE of conservation Flashcards

1
Q

How much of the world’s surface is used for conservation?

A

12% (According to Holmes 2014)

MORE RECENT 2023!

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2
Q

What is important to emphasise about contemporary biodiversity conservation?

A
  • Not apolitical - an indirect outcome of capitalist extractions and the climate crisis (symptomatic)
  • Yet increasingly also EMBEDDED WITHIN CAPITALISM as a method of accruing capital as a new commodity / ‘profitability’ frontier (Scales 2016)
  • With this financialisation comes new risks and, importantly, social exclusions and territoriality
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3
Q

How do Apostolopoulou et al (2021) define “neoliberal conservation”?

A
  • A newer (esp since 2010 re publications) form of biodiversity conservation
  • expanding “the variety of forms of capitalist invasion into non-human nature”
  • Making nature commodifiable as a socio-nature

Apostolopoulou et al 2021

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4
Q

What do protected areas (PAs) do?

A

Allow capitalism to easily commodify nature for profit

  • Maps and demarcates, not just an external nature (which is more fundamental)

Buscher & Fletcher (2020)

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5
Q

Are PAs still important for biodiversity conservation?

A

Buscher and Fletcher (2020) argue that PAs are less important for biodiversity conservation

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6
Q

Who has provided a case study of Private Protected Areas in Chile?

A

Holmes 2015
- Privately-owned conservation areas in Chile (a little over 2% of the surface area of the country)

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7
Q

Are all PPAs neoliberal?

A

No
- Some are just owned by private owners
- Neolib PPAs are those which use PES
- Disparate PPAs in Chile

Holmes 2015

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8
Q

What must capitalism do to sell nature (to save it AND trade it)?

A

“Capital needs to create new nature’s it can see”, ascertain and commodify

Sullivan 2013

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9
Q

What is the trouble with PES?

A
  • Payments come with conditions and collateral
  • Locals are the ones paid to maintain ecosystems
  • Those in the South are indebted to the North
  • Expands the base of capital

Sullivan 2013
Maybe overstates malice

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10
Q

How do Büscher el al 2012 nicely summarise neoliberal conservation?

A

“neoliberal conservation shifts the focus from how nature is used in and through the expansion of capitalism, to how nature is CONSERVED IN and THROUGH the EXPANSION of capitalism”

Büscher et al 2012

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11
Q

How does neoliberal economics theoretically and IDEOLOGICALLY remake nature?

A

Presents nature as an externality

Büscher et al 2012

Link to Foucault Power-Knowledge

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12
Q

What is ironic about Neoliberal conservation?

A
  • It seeks to solve the 2nd contradiction of capitalism by preserving nature to avoid selling it
  • Neoliberal conservation is IDEOLOGICAL

Büscher et al 2012

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13
Q

Why are “pristine natures” significant for (neoliberal) conservation?

A
  • Legitimise intervention (link power-discoruse Foucault)
  • Nature not just a social construct, it is resisted

Büscher et al 2012

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14
Q

What does Adams 2020 highlight about the spatiality (or lack thereof) of biodiversity conservation?

A
  • Tied to spaces of spaces and landscapes used for conservation
  • Also a social (and relatively, though not entirely, aspatital) aspect - the ways of seeing and thinking about consertvation

Bill Adams 2020

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15
Q

What is a recent example of setting aside nature to save it?

A

UN Biodiversity conference 2023

  • Extends protection beyond the national jurisdictions
  • But does it solve underlying issues?
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16
Q

What does ignoring indigenous groups highlight about the environmentalities of nature conservation?

A
  • There are different environmentalities (Fletcher 2010)
  • Indigenous people ignored in conservation (Tauli-Corpuz et al 2020)
  • Indigenous (better) environmentalities are subverted
17
Q

How do West et al (2006) describe PAs?

A

“protected areas PRODUCE space, place, and peoples”

18
Q

Besides PES, what is an explicit way in which capitalism has increasingly profited out of biodiversity conservation?

A
  • PES and new “profitability frontiers” (Scales 2016)
  • ALSO Eco-tourism! Accruing capital through the spectacle of conservation (Ávila-García & Sánchez (2012)
19
Q

Who has suggested that nature is being trademarked?

A

Arsel and Büscher 2012

Expands the financial base of capitalism

20
Q

Who has highlighted that indigenous communities were ignored and excluded from National Parks in N America?

A
  • Cronon 1996
  • Binnema and Niemi 2006.
21
Q

Who has highlighted that White, western actors are lauded as the “heroes” of conservation?

A

Mbaria & Ogada 2017

“The big conservation lie”

21
Q

Who has highlighted that White, western actors are lauded as the “heroes” of conservation?

A

Mbaria & Ogada 2017

“The big conservation lie”

22
Q

Who recently suggested that fortress conservation is necessary?

A

Terborgh 1999

23
Q

What do wilderness PAs offer for markets?

A

A fixed, delineated, institutional space for the logics of markets (Polanyi 1944)

24
Q

What did Baudrillard 1993 highlight about the ironies of conservation and preservation?

A

“There will always be animal reserves and Indian reservations to hide the fact that they are dead and that we are all Indians”

25
Q

When did PAs become popular?

A

1980s and 1990s, according to Brockington et al 2008

26
Q

Did conservationists make neoliberalism?

A

No, but they are complicit in it

Brockington et al 2008

27
Q

What does Cronon highlight about Wilderness?

A

“How invented, just how constructed, the American wilderness really is”

Cronon 1996

28
Q

Why is making “conservation with a human face” (Laudati 2010) misleading?

A

Laudati 2010 focusses on exclusions of locals from the “Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda” in the name of ecotourism

29
Q

Who has highlighted that conservation is increasingly accepted?

A

Fairhead and Leach 1998

30
Q

What are the 4 points of criticism for market-based conservation?

A
  1. Ethical (Should nature be sold?)
  2. Practical (how to qualify/quantify? Reluctant commodities / financial instability)
  3. Theoretical (exchange / use value dialectic and conradiction - use value eroded by exchange O’Connor 1988)
  4. Political (power and decision making at different scales)
31
Q

Are all ideas in neoliberal conservation new?

A

No, some, such as PPAs have existed for some time and don’t necessarily use markets (Holmes 2015)

PEGS (5 decks)

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