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Pe Mr Turner Flashcards

0
Q

What is ability?

A

Innate traits that determine a persons potential to acquire skills

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1
Q

What is skill?

A

Learned behaviour to bring about pre determined results

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2
Q

What are the seven characteristics to skilled performance?

A 
Goal driven
Efficient
Flowing
Aesthetically pleasing
Technique 
Consistent
Learnt
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3
Q

What is cognitive skill?

A

The use of the brain to reason an problem solve

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4
Q

What are motor skills?

A

Skills that involve physical movement and muscular control

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5
Q

What is perceptual skill?

A

Selecting, interpreting and making sense of the information from our senses

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6
Q

What is a psycho motor skill?

A

Movement decided upon an controlled by the brain

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7
Q

What is motor ability?

A

A series of genetically inherited traits that determine an individuals coordination, balance and speed of reactions

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8
Q

What is perceptual ability?

A

To be able to take in information, recognise it am make sense of it

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9
Q

Open-closed continuum

A

Open - unstable, changing environment.

Closed - performed in a stable, unchanging environment

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10
Q

Externally paced-self paced continuum?

A

Externally - the pace at which the skill is performed is initiated by something other than the performer

Self - the performer decided when the movement is begun and the pace at which it is performed

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11
Q

Gross-fine continuum?

A

Gross - a strong powerful movement requiring the use of the major muscle groups

Fine - small, precise movements showing high levels of accuracy and coordination

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12
Q

Discrete-serial-continuous continuum?

A

Discrete - a movement with a clear beginning and end

Serial - a series of specific movements chained together in a sequence

Continuous - no clear beginning or end, end phase of one movement blends into start phase of next

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13
Q

Briefly describe the cognitive stage of learning

A

Inconsistent
Reinforced trough external feedback
Performer relies on coach for cues
Often a process of trial and error

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14
Q

Briefly describe the associative stage of learning

A

Motor systems staring to come together
Rapid improvement
Simple movements become more accurate/smooth

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15
Q

Briefly describe the autonomous stage of learning

A

Consistent and aesthetically pleasing
Spare attention to focus on tactics
Motor systems well learned
Progress results from attention to fine details of technique

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16
Q

What is intrinsic feedback?

A

Feedback the performers receive from their proprioceptors

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17
Q

What is extrinsic feedback?

A

Feedback received from outside through vision and hearing

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18
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Feedback when performance was successful - strengthens chance of being repeated

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19
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Feedback after an unsuccessful performance

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20
Q

What is terminal feedback?

A

Feedback given after performance completed

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21
Q

What is concurrent feedback?

A

Feedback received during performance

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22
Q

What is knowledge of results?

A

Feedback about the outcome of a movement

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23
Q

What is knowledge of performance?

A

Feedback about movement rather than outcome

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24
Why do plateaus occur?
``` Not physically ready for next step Fault in earlier skill Fatigue/boredom Lack of motivation Poor coaching ```
25
How do you overcome a plateau?
``` Avoid fatigue by breaking up sessions Ensure learner physically ready Break skill down into component parts Vary practices Allow time for mental rehearsal Generate motivation by providing reward ```
26
What is positive transfer?
Where the learning if one skill has a positive effect on the learning of another
27
What is negative transfer?
Where the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another
28
What is pro active transfer?
Where the learning of a previously learned skill effects the learning of a current skill
29
What is bilateral transfer
Where the learning of a skill can be transferred from a limb on one side of the body to a limb on the other side of the body
30
What is retroactive transfer?
Where the learning of a current skill effects a skill learned in the past
31
How would a coach make transfer successful?
Identify transferable elements of skill Develop good basic movement patterns Make sessions relevant to competitive environment Eliminate opportunity for bad habits to develop
32
Describe the cognitive learning theory
Involves thought processes Understanding process to achieve result Experiences whole activity Allows learners to develop own routes of understanding
33
Describe the observational learning theory
Copying or modelling ourselves on another person | Banduras - attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation
34
Describe the operant conditioning learning theory
Manipulating behaviour to shape the correct response thorough the use of reinforcement Positive - process by which performer associates correct response to a stimulus - strengthens SR bond Negative - unpleasant stimulus removed when correct response given - strengthens SR bond Punishment - giving a stimulus to prevent a response occurring - breaks SR bond
35
What is Adams loop theory?
An early attempt to explain how we learn motor skills
36
Define memory trace
The trace, stored in LTM, that chooses the initial motor programme me to achieve the goal, then taken over by perceptual trace
37
Define perceptual trace
Movements are controlled by the perceptual trace. It uses feedback to refine the movement and eliminate errors
38
What's the difference between Adams open loop and closed loop theory?
Closed loop is with feedback Open - very quick so no time for feedback (no perceptual trace) - e.g. Catching
39
What are schema?
A set of relationships between joint action and muscle contractions that can be adapted to produce a new skill or technique
40
What is recall schema?
Stored info about how to produce a movement Initial conditions - knowledge of environment before we start Response specification - the motor programme and the movement objective
41
What is recognition Schema?
Info that allows a performer to evaluate their movement Sensory consequences - internal feedback as we undertake movement Response outcome - result of movement compared to objective
42
What were schmidt's criticisms of loop theory?
To carry a memory trace for every movement would place too great a burden on our memory storage capacity Every movement we make is unique in some way due to slight changes in environment
43
What is information processing?
Choosing what skill to do and where to retrieve it from
44
What is selective attention?
The process of picking out and focusing on the information relevant to performance
45
What is input?
Information from the display Internal - info about body movement/position External - opponents, team, weather etc
46
What are the three parts to decision making?
Stimulus identification Response selection Response programming
47
What is perception?
The process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting and organising sensory information
48
Perception involves the DCR process, what does this stand for?
Detection - registering of the stimulus by the sense organ Comparison - referring stimulus to memory to compare to previously stored stimuli Recognition - finding corresponding stimuli in memory
49
How can a performer improve their selective attention
Use appropriate practice methods Highlight specific cues Alter intensity of object Make stimuli meaningful/unique
50
What are the three stores in memory?
Short term sensory store Short term memory Long term memory
51
What are the three processes within memory?
Encoding (putting info into a store) Maintenance (keeping it 'alive') Retrieval (finding encoded information)
52
What is the short term sensory store?
Large capacity, temporary store for all incoming information Selective attention takes place here
53
What is short term memory?
It relates to what we are thinking about at any given moment in time. Info remains here only for as long as it is attended to.
54
What does the limited capacity of the STM mean for a coach?
Instructions to learners should be: brief To the point Given when learner paying attention
55
What is long term memory
A store of past experiences of almost limited capacity and duration. The info held here is used to compare against new experiences
56
What is retention and retrieval of info from the LTM influenced by?
Rehearsal Meaningfulness Speed of learning Over learning
57
What is reaction time?
The time taken to make a decision
58
What is movement time?
The time from when the movement is initiated to when the movement is complete
59
What is response time?
The time from The stimulus being present to the response being complete Response time = reaction time + movement time
60
What is choice reaction time?
Time taken for an individual to respond correctly from a choice of several stimuli, each requiring a different response
61
What is simple reaction time?
Time taken to start a single response to a single stimulus (quicker than choice)
62
What is Hick's law?
The more choices there are, the slower reaction time will be
63
What is spacial anticipation?
Guessing a movement that will be needed
64
What is temporal anticipation?
Guessing what is about to happen
65
What is the Psychological refractory period?
The delay in the response to the second of two closely placed stimuli
66
What is a motor programme?
A series of muscle contractions that produce a movement, stored in LTM
67
What are sub routines?
Separate movements that make up a whole skill
68
What is chaining?
Simplifying an action by reducing it into smaller links in a chain of events
69
What does smarter stand for?
``` Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time bound Exciting Recorded ```
70
Describe command style teaching?
The teacher makes all decisions, no input from the learner, no alternatives considered
71
Describe reciprocal learning
Learners are in pairs, performer and observer. Observer gives feedback to learner. Teacher still in control
72
What is discovery learning?
Teacher sets the problem but learner finds the solution either with help from teacher or on their own
73
What is whole practice method?
The complete skill is practiced without any attempt to break it down into sub routines
74
What are the advantages of whole practice?
Performer can develop own schema for movement Experience timing needed to execute skill correctly Get better kinaesthesis for movement
75
What are the disadvantages of whole practice?
May be difficult for novices to execute initially Not ideal for dangerous skills Difficult for complex skills
76
What is part practice method?
Skill is broken down into parts, each part learnt and then linked in and practiced as a sequence
77
What are the advantages of part practice method?
Easier to learn difficult skills Specific aspects of technique can be modified Can reduce risk
78
What are the disadvantages of part practice?
Hinders development of timing of skill Transfer from part to whole may not be effective Highly organised skills difficult to break down Time consuming
79
What is distributed practice?
When the time available is broken down into smaller time blocks with rest periods
80
What is massed practice?
When the performer practices for the whole of the time available with no breaks
81
What is mental practice?
The mental or cognitive rehearsal of a movement or a skill with no actual physical movement taking place
82
What is problem solving?
The teacher sets a problem and the learner finds a solution dependant upon their own qualities
83
What is visual guidance?
The use of images or demonstrations to help a learner
84
What is verbal guidance?
The use of speech to describe the desired movement or the use of keywords to cue the learner's attention
85
What is mechanical guidance?
The production of the correct movement by the use of mechanical aids or by the support of the coach
86
What is manual guidance?
The production of the correct movement by physically moving the limb or body of the performer so only the correct movement can be achieved

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