Pe Mr Turner Flashcards
What is ability?
Innate traits that determine a persons potential to acquire skills
What is skill?
Learned behaviour to bring about pre determined results
What are the seven characteristics to skilled performance?
Goal driven Efficient Flowing Aesthetically pleasing Technique Consistent Learnt
What is cognitive skill?
The use of the brain to reason an problem solve
What are motor skills?
Skills that involve physical movement and muscular control
What is perceptual skill?
Selecting, interpreting and making sense of the information from our senses
What is a psycho motor skill?
Movement decided upon an controlled by the brain
What is motor ability?
A series of genetically inherited traits that determine an individuals coordination, balance and speed of reactions
What is perceptual ability?
To be able to take in information, recognise it am make sense of it
Open-closed continuum
Open - unstable, changing environment.
Closed - performed in a stable, unchanging environment
Externally paced-self paced continuum?
Externally - the pace at which the skill is performed is initiated by something other than the performer
Self - the performer decided when the movement is begun and the pace at which it is performed
Gross-fine continuum?
Gross - a strong powerful movement requiring the use of the major muscle groups
Fine - small, precise movements showing high levels of accuracy and coordination
Discrete-serial-continuous continuum?
Discrete - a movement with a clear beginning and end
Serial - a series of specific movements chained together in a sequence
Continuous - no clear beginning or end, end phase of one movement blends into start phase of next
Briefly describe the cognitive stage of learning
Inconsistent
Reinforced trough external feedback
Performer relies on coach for cues
Often a process of trial and error
Briefly describe the associative stage of learning
Motor systems staring to come together
Rapid improvement
Simple movements become more accurate/smooth
Briefly describe the autonomous stage of learning
Consistent and aesthetically pleasing
Spare attention to focus on tactics
Motor systems well learned
Progress results from attention to fine details of technique
What is intrinsic feedback?
Feedback the performers receive from their proprioceptors
What is extrinsic feedback?
Feedback received from outside through vision and hearing
What is positive feedback?
Feedback when performance was successful - strengthens chance of being repeated
What is negative feedback?
Feedback after an unsuccessful performance
What is terminal feedback?
Feedback given after performance completed
What is concurrent feedback?
Feedback received during performance
What is knowledge of results?
Feedback about the outcome of a movement
What is knowledge of performance?
Feedback about movement rather than outcome
Why do plateaus occur?
Not physically ready for next step Fault in earlier skill Fatigue/boredom Lack of motivation Poor coaching
How do you overcome a plateau?
Avoid fatigue by breaking up sessions Ensure learner physically ready Break skill down into component parts Vary practices Allow time for mental rehearsal Generate motivation by providing reward
What is positive transfer?
Where the learning if one skill has a positive effect on the learning of another
What is negative transfer?
Where the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another
What is pro active transfer?
Where the learning of a previously learned skill effects the learning of a current skill
What is bilateral transfer
Where the learning of a skill can be transferred from a limb on one side of the body to a limb on the other side of the body
What is retroactive transfer?
Where the learning of a current skill effects a skill learned in the past
How would a coach make transfer successful?
Identify transferable elements of skill
Develop good basic movement patterns
Make sessions relevant to competitive environment
Eliminate opportunity for bad habits to develop
Describe the cognitive learning theory
Involves thought processes
Understanding process to achieve result
Experiences whole activity
Allows learners to develop own routes of understanding
Describe the observational learning theory
Copying or modelling ourselves on another person
Banduras - attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation
Describe the operant conditioning learning theory
Manipulating behaviour to shape the correct response thorough the use of reinforcement
Positive - process by which performer associates correct response to a stimulus - strengthens SR bond
Negative - unpleasant stimulus removed when correct response given - strengthens SR bond
Punishment - giving a stimulus to prevent a response occurring - breaks SR bond
What is Adams loop theory?
An early attempt to explain how we learn motor skills
Define memory trace
The trace, stored in LTM, that chooses the initial motor programme me to achieve the goal, then taken over by perceptual trace
Define perceptual trace
Movements are controlled by the perceptual trace. It uses feedback to refine the movement and eliminate errors
What’s the difference between Adams open loop and closed loop theory?
Closed loop is with feedback
Open - very quick so no time for feedback (no perceptual trace) - e.g. Catching
What are schema?
A set of relationships between joint action and muscle contractions that can be adapted to produce a new skill or technique
What is recall schema?
Stored info about how to produce a movement
Initial conditions - knowledge of environment before we start
Response specification - the motor programme and the movement objective
What is recognition Schema?
Info that allows a performer to evaluate their movement
Sensory consequences - internal feedback as we undertake movement
Response outcome - result of movement compared to objective
What were schmidt’s criticisms of loop theory?
To carry a memory trace for every movement would place too great a burden on our memory storage capacity
Every movement we make is unique in some way due to slight changes in environment
What is information processing?
Choosing what skill to do and where to retrieve it from
What is selective attention?
The process of picking out and focusing on the information relevant to performance
What is input?
Information from the display
Internal - info about body movement/position
External - opponents, team, weather etc
What are the three parts to decision making?
Stimulus identification
Response selection
Response programming
What is perception?
The process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting and organising sensory information
Perception involves the DCR process, what does this stand for?
Detection - registering of the stimulus by the sense organ
Comparison - referring stimulus to memory to compare to previously stored stimuli
Recognition - finding corresponding stimuli in memory
How can a performer improve their selective attention
Use appropriate practice methods
Highlight specific cues
Alter intensity of object
Make stimuli meaningful/unique
What are the three stores in memory?
Short term sensory store
Short term memory
Long term memory
What are the three processes within memory?
Encoding (putting info into a store)
Maintenance (keeping it ‘alive’)
Retrieval (finding encoded information)
What is the short term sensory store?
Large capacity, temporary store for all incoming information
Selective attention takes place here
What is short term memory?
It relates to what we are thinking about at any given moment in time. Info remains here only for as long as it is attended to.
What does the limited capacity of the STM mean for a coach?
Instructions to learners should be:
brief
To the point
Given when learner paying attention
What is long term memory
A store of past experiences of almost limited capacity and duration. The info held here is used to compare against new experiences
What is retention and retrieval of info from the LTM influenced by?
Rehearsal
Meaningfulness
Speed of learning
Over learning
What is reaction time?
The time taken to make a decision
What is movement time?
The time from when the movement is initiated to when the movement is complete
What is response time?
The time from The stimulus being present to the response being complete
Response time = reaction time + movement time
What is choice reaction time?
Time taken for an individual to respond correctly from a choice of several stimuli, each requiring a different response
What is simple reaction time?
Time taken to start a single response to a single stimulus (quicker than choice)
What is Hick’s law?
The more choices there are, the slower reaction time will be
What is spacial anticipation?
Guessing a movement that will be needed
What is temporal anticipation?
Guessing what is about to happen
What is the Psychological refractory period?
The delay in the response to the second of two closely placed stimuli
What is a motor programme?
A series of muscle contractions that produce a movement, stored in LTM
What are sub routines?
Separate movements that make up a whole skill
What is chaining?
Simplifying an action by reducing it into smaller links in a chain of events
What does smarter stand for?
Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time bound Exciting Recorded
Describe command style teaching?
The teacher makes all decisions, no input from the learner, no alternatives considered
Describe reciprocal learning
Learners are in pairs, performer and observer. Observer gives feedback to learner. Teacher still in control
What is discovery learning?
Teacher sets the problem but learner finds the solution either with help from teacher or on their own
What is whole practice method?
The complete skill is practiced without any attempt to break it down into sub routines
What are the advantages of whole practice?
Performer can develop own schema for movement
Experience timing needed to execute skill correctly
Get better kinaesthesis for movement
What are the disadvantages of whole practice?
May be difficult for novices to execute initially
Not ideal for dangerous skills
Difficult for complex skills
What is part practice method?
Skill is broken down into parts, each part learnt and then linked in and practiced as a sequence
What are the advantages of part practice method?
Easier to learn difficult skills
Specific aspects of technique can be modified
Can reduce risk
What are the disadvantages of part practice?
Hinders development of timing of skill
Transfer from part to whole may not be effective
Highly organised skills difficult to break down
Time consuming
What is distributed practice?
When the time available is broken down into smaller time blocks with rest periods
What is massed practice?
When the performer practices for the whole of the time available with no breaks
What is mental practice?
The mental or cognitive rehearsal of a movement or a skill with no actual physical movement taking place
What is problem solving?
The teacher sets a problem and the learner finds a solution dependant upon their own qualities
What is visual guidance?
The use of images or demonstrations to help a learner
What is verbal guidance?
The use of speech to describe the desired movement or the use of keywords to cue the learner’s attention
What is mechanical guidance?
The production of the correct movement by the use of mechanical aids or by the support of the coach
What is manual guidance?
The production of the correct movement by physically moving the limb or body of the performer so only the correct movement can be achieved
