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PE > Pe Mr Turner > Flashcards

Pe Mr Turner Flashcards

0
Q

What is ability?

A

Innate traits that determine a persons potential to acquire skills

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1
Q

What is skill?

A

Learned behaviour to bring about pre determined results

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2
Q

What are the seven characteristics to skilled performance?

A 
Goal driven
Efficient
Flowing
Aesthetically pleasing
Technique 
Consistent
Learnt
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3
Q

What is cognitive skill?

A

The use of the brain to reason an problem solve

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4
Q

What are motor skills?

A

Skills that involve physical movement and muscular control

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5
Q

What is perceptual skill?

A

Selecting, interpreting and making sense of the information from our senses

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6
Q

What is a psycho motor skill?

A

Movement decided upon an controlled by the brain

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7
Q

What is motor ability?

A

A series of genetically inherited traits that determine an individuals coordination, balance and speed of reactions

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8
Q

What is perceptual ability?

A

To be able to take in information, recognise it am make sense of it

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9
Q

Open-closed continuum

A

Open - unstable, changing environment.

Closed - performed in a stable, unchanging environment

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10
Q

Externally paced-self paced continuum?

A

Externally - the pace at which the skill is performed is initiated by something other than the performer

Self - the performer decided when the movement is begun and the pace at which it is performed

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11
Q

Gross-fine continuum?

A

Gross - a strong powerful movement requiring the use of the major muscle groups

Fine - small, precise movements showing high levels of accuracy and coordination

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12
Q

Discrete-serial-continuous continuum?

A

Discrete - a movement with a clear beginning and end

Serial - a series of specific movements chained together in a sequence

Continuous - no clear beginning or end, end phase of one movement blends into start phase of next

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13
Q

Briefly describe the cognitive stage of learning

A

Inconsistent
Reinforced trough external feedback
Performer relies on coach for cues
Often a process of trial and error

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14
Q

Briefly describe the associative stage of learning

A

Motor systems staring to come together
Rapid improvement
Simple movements become more accurate/smooth

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15
Q

Briefly describe the autonomous stage of learning

A

Consistent and aesthetically pleasing
Spare attention to focus on tactics
Motor systems well learned
Progress results from attention to fine details of technique

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16
Q

What is intrinsic feedback?

A

Feedback the performers receive from their proprioceptors

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17
Q

What is extrinsic feedback?

A

Feedback received from outside through vision and hearing

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18
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Feedback when performance was successful - strengthens chance of being repeated

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19
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Feedback after an unsuccessful performance

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20
Q

What is terminal feedback?

A

Feedback given after performance completed

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21
Q

What is concurrent feedback?

A

Feedback received during performance

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22
Q

What is knowledge of results?

A

Feedback about the outcome of a movement

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23
Q

What is knowledge of performance?

A

Feedback about movement rather than outcome

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24
Q

Why do plateaus occur?

A 
Not physically ready for next step
Fault in earlier skill
Fatigue/boredom
Lack of motivation
Poor coaching
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25
Q

How do you overcome a plateau?

A 
Avoid fatigue by breaking up sessions
Ensure learner physically ready 
Break skill down into component parts
Vary practices 
Allow time for mental rehearsal 
Generate motivation by providing reward
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26
Q

What is positive transfer?

A

Where the learning if one skill has a positive effect on the learning of another

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27
Q

What is negative transfer?

A

Where the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another

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28
Q

What is pro active transfer?

A

Where the learning of a previously learned skill effects the learning of a current skill

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29
Q

What is bilateral transfer

A

Where the learning of a skill can be transferred from a limb on one side of the body to a limb on the other side of the body

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30
Q

What is retroactive transfer?

A

Where the learning of a current skill effects a skill learned in the past

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31
Q

How would a coach make transfer successful?

A

Identify transferable elements of skill
Develop good basic movement patterns
Make sessions relevant to competitive environment
Eliminate opportunity for bad habits to develop

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32
Q

Describe the cognitive learning theory

A

Involves thought processes
Understanding process to achieve result
Experiences whole activity
Allows learners to develop own routes of understanding

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33
Q

Describe the observational learning theory

A

Copying or modelling ourselves on another person

Banduras - attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation

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34
Q

Describe the operant conditioning learning theory

A

Manipulating behaviour to shape the correct response thorough the use of reinforcement

Positive - process by which performer associates correct response to a stimulus - strengthens SR bond

Negative - unpleasant stimulus removed when correct response given - strengthens SR bond

Punishment - giving a stimulus to prevent a response occurring - breaks SR bond

35
Q

What is Adams loop theory?

A

An early attempt to explain how we learn motor skills

36
Q

Define memory trace

A

The trace, stored in LTM, that chooses the initial motor programme me to achieve the goal, then taken over by perceptual trace

37
Q

Define perceptual trace

A

Movements are controlled by the perceptual trace. It uses feedback to refine the movement and eliminate errors

38
Q

What’s the difference between Adams open loop and closed loop theory?

A

Closed loop is with feedback

Open - very quick so no time for feedback (no perceptual trace) - e.g. Catching

39
Q

What are schema?

A

A set of relationships between joint action and muscle contractions that can be adapted to produce a new skill or technique

40
Q

What is recall schema?

A

Stored info about how to produce a movement

Initial conditions - knowledge of environment before we start

Response specification - the motor programme and the movement objective

41
Q

What is recognition Schema?

A

Info that allows a performer to evaluate their movement

Sensory consequences - internal feedback as we undertake movement

Response outcome - result of movement compared to objective

42
Q

What were schmidt’s criticisms of loop theory?

A

To carry a memory trace for every movement would place too great a burden on our memory storage capacity

Every movement we make is unique in some way due to slight changes in environment

43
Q

What is information processing?

A

Choosing what skill to do and where to retrieve it from

44
Q

What is selective attention?

A

The process of picking out and focusing on the information relevant to performance

45
Q

What is input?

A

Information from the display

Internal - info about body movement/position

External - opponents, team, weather etc

46
Q

What are the three parts to decision making?

A

Stimulus identification
Response selection
Response programming

47
Q

What is perception?

A

The process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting and organising sensory information

48
Q

Perception involves the DCR process, what does this stand for?

A

Detection - registering of the stimulus by the sense organ

Comparison - referring stimulus to memory to compare to previously stored stimuli

Recognition - finding corresponding stimuli in memory

49
Q

How can a performer improve their selective attention

A

Use appropriate practice methods

Highlight specific cues

Alter intensity of object

Make stimuli meaningful/unique

50
Q

What are the three stores in memory?

A

Short term sensory store
Short term memory
Long term memory

51
Q

What are the three processes within memory?

A

Encoding (putting info into a store)

Maintenance (keeping it ‘alive’)

Retrieval (finding encoded information)

52
Q

What is the short term sensory store?

A

Large capacity, temporary store for all incoming information

Selective attention takes place here

53
Q

What is short term memory?

A

It relates to what we are thinking about at any given moment in time. Info remains here only for as long as it is attended to.

54
Q

What does the limited capacity of the STM mean for a coach?

A

Instructions to learners should be:
brief
To the point
Given when learner paying attention

55
Q

What is long term memory

A

A store of past experiences of almost limited capacity and duration. The info held here is used to compare against new experiences

56
Q

What is retention and retrieval of info from the LTM influenced by?

A

Rehearsal
Meaningfulness
Speed of learning
Over learning

57
Q

What is reaction time?

A

The time taken to make a decision

58
Q

What is movement time?

A

The time from when the movement is initiated to when the movement is complete

59
Q

What is response time?

A

The time from The stimulus being present to the response being complete
Response time = reaction time + movement time

60
Q

What is choice reaction time?

A

Time taken for an individual to respond correctly from a choice of several stimuli, each requiring a different response

61
Q

What is simple reaction time?

A

Time taken to start a single response to a single stimulus (quicker than choice)

62
Q

What is Hick’s law?

A

The more choices there are, the slower reaction time will be

63
Q

What is spacial anticipation?

A

Guessing a movement that will be needed

64
Q

What is temporal anticipation?

A

Guessing what is about to happen

65
Q

What is the Psychological refractory period?

A

The delay in the response to the second of two closely placed stimuli

66
Q

What is a motor programme?

A

A series of muscle contractions that produce a movement, stored in LTM

67
Q

What are sub routines?

A

Separate movements that make up a whole skill

68
Q

What is chaining?

A

Simplifying an action by reducing it into smaller links in a chain of events

69
Q

What does smarter stand for?

A 
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Realistic
Time bound
Exciting
Recorded
70
Q

Describe command style teaching?

A

The teacher makes all decisions, no input from the learner, no alternatives considered

71
Q

Describe reciprocal learning

A

Learners are in pairs, performer and observer. Observer gives feedback to learner. Teacher still in control

72
Q

What is discovery learning?

A

Teacher sets the problem but learner finds the solution either with help from teacher or on their own

73
Q

What is whole practice method?

A

The complete skill is practiced without any attempt to break it down into sub routines

74
Q

What are the advantages of whole practice?

A

Performer can develop own schema for movement

Experience timing needed to execute skill correctly

Get better kinaesthesis for movement

75
Q

What are the disadvantages of whole practice?

A

May be difficult for novices to execute initially

Not ideal for dangerous skills

Difficult for complex skills

76
Q

What is part practice method?

A

Skill is broken down into parts, each part learnt and then linked in and practiced as a sequence

77
Q

What are the advantages of part practice method?

A

Easier to learn difficult skills

Specific aspects of technique can be modified

Can reduce risk

78
Q

What are the disadvantages of part practice?

A

Hinders development of timing of skill

Transfer from part to whole may not be effective

Highly organised skills difficult to break down

Time consuming

79
Q

What is distributed practice?

A

When the time available is broken down into smaller time blocks with rest periods

80
Q

What is massed practice?

A

When the performer practices for the whole of the time available with no breaks

81
Q

What is mental practice?

A

The mental or cognitive rehearsal of a movement or a skill with no actual physical movement taking place

82
Q

What is problem solving?

A

The teacher sets a problem and the learner finds a solution dependant upon their own qualities

83
Q

What is visual guidance?

A

The use of images or demonstrations to help a learner

84
Q

What is verbal guidance?

A

The use of speech to describe the desired movement or the use of keywords to cue the learner’s attention

85
Q

What is mechanical guidance?

A

The production of the correct movement by the use of mechanical aids or by the support of the coach

86
Q

What is manual guidance?

A

The production of the correct movement by physically moving the limb or body of the performer so only the correct movement can be achieved

PE (3 decks)

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