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GCSES > PE GCSE > Flashcards

PE GCSE Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

name 6 functions of the skeleton and discribe

A

support - keeps the body upright
muscle attachment - via tendons
movement - movement occurs at a joint
shape - the shape of a bone dertermine movements
protection - protect organs
blood cell production - long bones produce red and white blood cells

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2
Q

how many bones are there (to know)

A

20

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3
Q

what is a long bone

A

due to shape not size - enable movement to occur

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4
Q

what is a flat bone

A

offers protection to vital organs - protects vital organs from impact

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5
Q

what is a short bone

A

minimal movement - shock absorber for weight bearing activites

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6
Q

do a fill in the blanks skeleton system

A
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7
Q

what is a fixed joint

A

no movement to be found such as the cramium

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8
Q

what is a cartilaginous joint

A

some movement can occur - shock absorber such as the veterbrae

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9
Q

what is a synovial joint

A

wide range of movement where 2 or more bones meet

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10
Q

what is cartilage

A

a tough connective tissue

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11
Q

what is a ligament

A

connects bone to bone

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12
Q

what is a tendon

A

connects muscle to bone

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13
Q

go label/draw a blank synovial joint

A
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14
Q

name the synovial joints

A

hinge
ball and socket

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15
Q

what movement can happen at hinge joints (& examples)

A

moves in one plane
flexion & extension
plantar & dorsi-flexion

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16
Q

what movement can happen at ball and socket joints (& examples)

A

moves in 3 planes
rotation
adduction & abduction

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17
Q

name and explain movements at joints

A

abduction
adduction
rotation
plantar flexion
dorsi flexion
flexion
extension

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18
Q

go label a blank diagrams of muscle location

A
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19
Q

what are antagonistic pairs

A

2 muscles working together to create movement
one muscle contracts while the other relaxes

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20
Q

what is isometric contraction

A

the muscle is contracting but still (eg. handstand)

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21
Q

what is isotonic contraction

A

the muscle moves under pressure

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22
Q

what is isotonic concentric

A

contracts and lengthens

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23
Q

what is eccentric contractions

A

the muscle contracts and shortens

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24
Q

joint and muscle movement at bicep and tricep

A

hinge - movement occurs at the elbow - flexion and extension

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25
movement at the quadriceps and hanstrings
hinge - movement occurs at the knee - flexion and extension
26
movement at the gastrocnemious & tibialis anterior
hinge - movement occurs at the ankle - plantar flexion and dorsi flexion
27
movement at the hip flexors and gluteals
ball and socket - movement occurs at the hip - felxion and extension
28
movement at the deltoids and latissimus dorsi
movement occurs at the shoulder - flexsion and extension/adduction&abduction
29
what is the agonist and what is the anatagonisrt
agonist - contracts anatagonist - relaxes
30
explain slow twitch muscle fibers
type 1 for long distance and endurence contract slowly red in color high level of 02 aerobic
31
explain fast twitch muscle fibers
type 2a & 2b for power and strength contract quickly pink or white in color low level of O2 anaerobic
32
functions of the respiratory system
Takes in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide Allows gases exchange Mechanics of breathing
33
flow of air
nose trachea bronchi bronchioles aveloi
34
what do aveoli do
allow for gaseous exchange
35
structure of alveoli
surrounded by capillaries for blood supply huge surface area one cell thick for diffusion
36
what is gaseous exchange
oxygen moves from the aveoli to the blood (high to low concentration)
37
what is tidal volume
the amount of air that is inspired and expired normally
38
what is vital capacity
the greatest amout of air that can be forcefully expired after maximal inhilation
39
what is residual volume
the volume of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration
40
what is minute ventilation
the volume of air that can be insipred in 1 minute
41
what is breathing rate
the number of breaths taken in one minute normally
42
how do you find minute ventilation
tidal volume x breathing rate l/min
43
what happens to breathing rates during exercise and why
the rate of breathing is faster and the depth of breathing is heavier. this allows more air in so it can go to working muscles
44
what happens during sport to tidal volume vital capacity residual volume
tidal volume - increases vital capacity - decreases slightly residual volume - stays the same
45
draw a spiromitry trace (rest and exercise)
46
what are the components of blood
red blood cells white blood cells plasma platelets
47
what do red blood cells do
carry oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
48
why are red blood cells important in sport
high aerobic capactiy very good for endurence activity
49
what do white blood cells do
fight infections and kill germs (pathogens)
50
what do white blood cells do in sport
in an athelete is ill (unable to train) it will fight infections
51
what does plasma do
transports everything around thr body (rbc's, wbc's, nutrients and hormones)
52
what does plasma do in sport
vital to move rbc's around so more oxygen can be provided to working muscles
53
what do platelets do
enables blood to clot vital for blood loss will form a scab (protective layer)
54
what do platelets do in sport
vital if cut during a sport such as boxing for rugby
55
what are the 3 blood vessels
arteries veins capillaries
56
explain arteries and details
carry oxygenated blood away from the heart from the heart under high pressure thick muscular wall small lumen
57
explain arteries in sport
heart rate increases muscles need more oxygen for energy blood flow has to increase
58
explain veins and details
carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart under low pressure valves stop back flow thin wall large lumen
59
explain veins in sport
re-cycle blood bringing deoxygenated blood back to the heart then lungs
60
explain capillaries and details
they are the link between arteries & veins (move the blood between the 2) very small
61
explain capillaries in sport
very important to allow gaseous exchange to occur
62
what does the heart do
pumps blood to the working muscles (oxygenated) and to the lungs (deoxygenated)
63
go label the structure of a heart
64
what happens to blood during exercise
increase of blood flow to the working muscles becuase of demand for oxygen which provides energy which means the heart rate increases
65
draw the cardiac cycle and discribe what happens to blood
66
what is heart rate
the number of times you heart beats in a minute
67
what is stroke volume
the amount of blood that leaves the heart via the left ventricle
68
what is cardiac output
the volume of blood pumped out by the heart in ONE minute
69
word equation for cardiac output
cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
70
what is anaerobic respiration
exercise in the absense of oxygen
71
equation for anaerobic respiration
glucose --> energy + lactic acid
72
what happens during anaerobic respiration
doesnt use oxygen meaning it can only be maintained for short periods of time. lactic acid is a by product of carbohydrates being used without oxygen
73
example of anaerobic respiration
sprinting
74
what is aerobic respiration
exercise in the presence of oxygen
75
equation for aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen --> water + carbon dioxide + energy released
76
what happens during aerobic respiration
most efficient because with enough oxygen you can work for extended times
77
example of aerobic respiration
long distance (running, swimming...)
78
what is the process of exercise and energy (list, what needs what)
-exercise reuqires energy -muscles need energy -comes from food we eat -glucose is stored as glycogen -back to glucose to be used during exercise
79
what does EPOC stand for
excess post exercise oxygen consumption
80
what is EPOC
it occurs after high intensity periods of work and is the extra oxygen intake after high intensity exercise
81
when does EPOC take place and why
after high intensity exercise is produced lactic acid is produces after recovery extra oxygen is needed to remove the lactic acid so EPOC is used
82
what is oxygen debt (when and what)
A temporary oxygen shortage in the bodies cells and muscles arising from intense exercise
83
factors that affect recovery
age nutrition fitness intensity temperature duration

GCSES (6 decks)

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