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GCSES > PE GCSE > Flashcards

PE GCSE Flashcards

1
Q

name 6 functions of the skeleton and discribe

A

support - keeps the body upright
muscle attachment - via tendons
movement - movement occurs at a joint
shape - the shape of a bone dertermine movements
protection - protect organs
blood cell production - long bones produce red and white blood cells

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2
Q

how many bones are there (to know)

A

20

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3
Q

what is a long bone

A

due to shape not size - enable movement to occur

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4
Q

what is a flat bone

A

offers protection to vital organs - protects vital organs from impact

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5
Q

what is a short bone

A

minimal movement - shock absorber for weight bearing activites

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6
Q

do a fill in the blanks skeleton system

A
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7
Q

what is a fixed joint

A

no movement to be found such as the cramium

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8
Q

what is a cartilaginous joint

A

some movement can occur - shock absorber such as the veterbrae

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9
Q

what is a synovial joint

A

wide range of movement where 2 or more bones meet

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10
Q

what is cartilage

A

a tough connective tissue

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11
Q

what is a ligament

A

connects bone to bone

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12
Q

what is a tendon

A

connects muscle to bone

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13
Q

go label/draw a blank synovial joint

A
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14
Q

name the synovial joints

A

hinge
ball and socket

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15
Q

what movement can happen at hinge joints (& examples)

A

moves in one plane
flexion & extension
plantar & dorsi-flexion

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16
Q

what movement can happen at ball and socket joints (& examples)

A

moves in 3 planes
rotation
adduction & abduction

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17
Q

name and explain movements at joints

A

abduction
adduction
rotation
plantar flexion
dorsi flexion
flexion
extension

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18
Q

go label a blank diagrams of muscle location

A
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19
Q

what are antagonistic pairs

A

2 muscles working together to create movement
one muscle contracts while the other relaxes

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20
Q

what is isometric contraction

A

the muscle is contracting but still (eg. handstand)

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21
Q

what is isotonic contraction

A

the muscle moves under pressure

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22
Q

what is isotonic concentric

A

contracts and lengthens

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23
Q

what is eccentric contractions

A

the muscle contracts and shortens

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24
Q

joint and muscle movement at bicep and tricep

A

hinge - movement occurs at the elbow - flexion and extension

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25
Q

movement at the quadriceps and hanstrings

A

hinge - movement occurs at the knee - flexion and extension

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26
Q

movement at the gastrocnemious & tibialis anterior

A

hinge - movement occurs at the ankle - plantar flexion and dorsi flexion

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27
Q

movement at the hip flexors and gluteals

A

ball and socket - movement occurs at the hip - felxion and extension

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28
Q

movement at the deltoids and latissimus dorsi

A

movement occurs at the shoulder - flexsion and extension/adduction&abduction

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29
Q

what is the agonist and what is the anatagonisrt

A

agonist - contracts
anatagonist - relaxes

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30
Q

explain slow twitch muscle fibers

A

type 1
for long distance and endurence
contract slowly
red in color
high level of 02
aerobic

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31
Q

explain fast twitch muscle fibers

A

type 2a & 2b
for power and strength
contract quickly
pink or white in color
low level of O2
anaerobic

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32
Q

functions of the respiratory system

A

Takes in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide
Allows gases exchange
Mechanics of breathing

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33
Q

flow of air

A

nose
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
aveloi

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34
Q

what do aveoli do

A

allow for gaseous exchange

35
Q

structure of alveoli

A

surrounded by capillaries for blood supply
huge surface area
one cell thick for diffusion

36
Q

what is gaseous exchange

A

oxygen moves from the aveoli to the blood (high to low concentration)

37
Q

what is tidal volume

A

the amount of air that is inspired and expired normally

38
Q

what is vital capacity

A

the greatest amout of air that can be forcefully expired after maximal inhilation

39
Q

what is residual volume

A

the volume of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration

40
Q

what is minute ventilation

A

the volume of air that can be insipred in 1 minute

41
Q

what is breathing rate

A

the number of breaths taken in one minute normally

42
Q

how do you find minute ventilation

A

tidal volume x breathing rate

l/min

43
Q

what happens to breathing rates during exercise and why

A

the rate of breathing is faster and the depth of breathing is heavier. this allows more air in so it can go to working muscles

44
Q

what happens during sport to
tidal volume
vital capacity
residual volume

A

tidal volume - increases
vital capacity - decreases slightly
residual volume - stays the same

45
Q

draw a spiromitry trace (rest and exercise)

A
46
Q

what are the components of blood

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
plasma
platelets

47
Q

what do red blood cells do

A

carry oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

48
Q

why are red blood cells important in sport

A

high aerobic capactiy
very good for endurence activity

49
Q

what do white blood cells do

A

fight infections and kill germs (pathogens)

50
Q

what do white blood cells do in sport

A

in an athelete is ill (unable to train) it will fight infections

51
Q

what does plasma do

A

transports everything around thr body (rbc’s, wbc’s, nutrients and hormones)

52
Q

what does plasma do in sport

A

vital to move rbc’s around so more oxygen can be provided to working muscles

53
Q

what do platelets do

A

enables blood to clot
vital for blood loss
will form a scab (protective layer)

54
Q

what do platelets do in sport

A

vital if cut during a sport such as boxing for rugby

55
Q

what are the 3 blood vessels

A

arteries
veins
capillaries

56
Q

explain arteries and details

A

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart from the heart under high pressure
thick muscular wall
small lumen

57
Q

explain arteries in sport

A

heart rate increases
muscles need more oxygen for energy
blood flow has to increase

58
Q

explain veins and details

A

carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart under low pressure
valves stop back flow
thin wall
large lumen

59
Q

explain veins in sport

A

re-cycle blood bringing deoxygenated blood back to the heart then lungs

60
Q

explain capillaries and details

A

they are the link between arteries & veins (move the blood between the 2)
very small

61
Q

explain capillaries in sport

A

very important to allow gaseous exchange to occur

62
Q

what does the heart do

A

pumps blood to the working muscles (oxygenated)
and to the lungs (deoxygenated)

63
Q

go label the structure of a heart

A
64
Q

what happens to blood during exercise

A

increase of blood flow to the working muscles becuase of demand for oxygen which provides energy which means the heart rate increases

65
Q

draw the cardiac cycle and discribe what happens to blood

A
66
Q

what is heart rate

A

the number of times you heart beats in a minute

67
Q

what is stroke volume

A

the amount of blood that leaves the heart via the left ventricle

68
Q

what is cardiac output

A

the volume of blood pumped out by the heart in ONE minute

69
Q

word equation for cardiac output

A

cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

70
Q

what is anaerobic respiration

A

exercise in the absense of oxygen

71
Q

equation for anaerobic respiration

A

glucose –> energy + lactic acid

72
Q

what happens during anaerobic respiration

A

doesnt use oxygen meaning it can only be maintained for short periods of time. lactic acid is a by product of carbohydrates being used without oxygen

73
Q

example of anaerobic respiration

A

sprinting

74
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

exercise in the presence of oxygen

75
Q

equation for aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygen –> water + carbon dioxide + energy released

76
Q

what happens during aerobic respiration

A

most efficient because with enough oxygen you can work for extended times

77
Q

example of aerobic respiration

A

long distance (running, swimming…)

78
Q

what is the process of exercise and energy (list, what needs what)

A

-exercise reuqires energy
-muscles need energy
-comes from food we eat
-glucose is stored as glycogen
-back to glucose to be used during exercise

79
Q

what does EPOC stand for

A

excess post exercise oxygen consumption

80
Q

what is EPOC

A

it occurs after high intensity periods of work and is the extra oxygen intake after high intensity exercise

81
Q

when does EPOC take place and why

A

after high intensity exercise is produced lactic acid is produces
after recovery extra oxygen is needed to remove the lactic acid so EPOC is used

82
Q

what is oxygen debt (when and what)

A

A temporary oxygen shortage in the bodies cells and muscles arising from intense exercise

83
Q

factors that affect recovery

A

age
nutrition
fitness
intensity
temperature
duration

GCSES (6 decks)

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